The Tribunal Explained · Poland's Constitutional Tribunal 1982–2026
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Timeline 1982–2026

Status as of: 31 October 2026, 04:00 CETLast updated: 31.10.2026

Each event has a source and a label showing what kind of information it is (e.g. press report, participant’s claim). Items marked unverified are explained on the page "What we don’t know yet".

Period
Type

  1. 1982
  2. 26 March 1982

    Constitutional amendment creates the Constitutional Tribunal (Art. 33a)

    On 26 March 1982, under martial law, the Constitution of the Polish People's Republic was amended to add provisions on a Constitutional Tribunal and a Tribunal of State; the Sejm passed the Tribunal of State Act on the same day. Review of the constitutionality of law, until then a task of the Council of State, passed to the new Tribunal, whose members the Sejm was to elect from among persons distinguished by their legal knowledge (Art. 33a(4)). In 1980–1981 the bar, the Democratic Party (SD), the PZPR and the first national congress of Solidarity had all called for such a court.1,2,3

    legislation

  3. 1985
  4. 29 April 1985

    Sejm passes the Constitutional Tribunal Act of 29 April 1985

    The Act provided for 12 members (a President, a Vice-President and ten judges) elected and dismissed by the Sejm for eight years, with half the bench renewed every four years, and for an oath before the Marshal of the Sejm. The Sejm considered rulings that statutes were unconstitutional and could reject them by at least a two-thirds majority with at least half of all MPs present (Art. 6(4) of the original text). According to the weekly Polityka (2016), the Act came three years late because the authorities were wary of the new institution.4,5,1

    legislation

  5. 14 May 1985

    Tribunal Act published in the Journal of Laws (Dz.U. 1985 No. 22 item 98)

    The Act was published on 14 May 1985. Its Arts. 32 and 34 took effect on publication, including the transitional rule that the first bench would be elected for four- and eight-year terms beginning on 1 December 1985; the remaining provisions took effect on 1 January 1986.5,4

    publicationlegislation

  6. 31 July 1985

    Sejm resolution on detailed procedure before the Tribunal

    The Sejm resolution of 31 July 1985 (Art. 47) provided that rulings finding statutes unconstitutional were sent to the Sejm, which within six months could amend or repeal the statute or reject the ruling. The Tribunal could not re-examine a ruling the Sejm had rejected.6

    resolutionlegislation

  7. 12 November 1985

    Sejm elects the first 12 Tribunal members, including President and Vice-President

    On 12 November 1985 the 9th-term Sejm of the Polish People's Republic elected 12 members: Prof. Alfons Klafkowski as President, Prof. Leonard Łukaszuk as Vice-President, and Kazimierz Buchała, Natalia Gajl (the first woman on the Tribunal), Adam Józefowicz, Andrzej Kabat, Stanisław Pawela, Czesław Bakalarski, Kazimierz Działocha, Henryk Groszyk, Remigiusz Orzechowski and Henryk de Fiumel. Half were elected for four years and half for eight. According to Polityka, the PZPR Politburo had beforehand adopted principles for party representation on the bench (in practice: PZPR 6, ZSL 2, SD 1, non-party 3).1,2,3

    electionleadership

  8. 1 December 1985

    Terms of the Tribunal's first members begin

    Under Art. 34(2) of the Act of 29 April 1985, the terms of the members elected on 12 November 1985 began on 1 December 1985; until then the first President carried out organisational tasks (Art. 34(3)). The date on which the first members took the oath before the Marshal of the Sejm has not been established.2,4

    election

  9. 1986
  10. 1 January 1986

    The 1985 Act takes effect and the Tribunal begins operating

    On 1 January 1986 the Constitutional Tribunal Act of 29 April 1985 entered into force and the Tribunal began its work. It had no building of its own at first; its first hearings were held on Sejm premises.5,1

    legislation

  11. 23 January 1986

    First application: Wrocław regional council challenges a government regulation

    On 23 January 1986 the Presidium of the Wrocław Provincial People's Council challenged a Council of Ministers regulation of 16 September 1985 on perpetual usufruct and the sale of state property, which according to Polityka affected some 107,000 citizens. On 26 February President Klafkowski assigned Stanisław Pawela to the preliminary review, and on 14 March the bench was set: Kazimierz Działocha (presiding), Pawela (rapporteur) and Remigiusz Orzechowski.1

    ruling

  12. 25 April 1986

    Tribunal's first hearing (case U 1/86) held on Sejm premises

    Hearings in case U 1/86 were held on 25 and 29 April 1986 on Sejm premises, as the Tribunal had no seat of its own. Expert opinions came from J. Piątowski and S. Wronkowska-Jaśkiewicz; the government's representative, Z. Rybicki, asked for the application to be dismissed, while the Prosecutor General considered it well founded.1

    ruling

  13. 28 May 1986

    First Tribunal ruling (U 1/86) and its first dissenting opinion

    On 28 May 1986 the Tribunal granted the application and found the challenged Council of Ministers regulation on perpetual usufruct non-compliant. Remigiusz Orzechowski wrote the first dissenting opinion in the Tribunal's history; the government representative's request for a full-bench hearing was refused, and Orzechowski dissented again.1,2

    ruling

  14. 17 June 1986

    Tribunal member Henryk de Fiumel dies, leaving 11 members

    Henryk de Fiumel died on 17 June 1986. Under the 1985 Act the Sejm declared the mandate of a deceased member expired and elected a successor for the remainder of the term; until 25 September 1986 the Tribunal had 11 members.2,4,7

    election

  15. 25 September 1986

    Maria Łabor-Soroka succeeds Henryk de Fiumel on the Tribunal

    According to the Tribunal's records, Maria Łabor-Soroka served from 25 September 1986 to 30 November 1993, i.e. for the remainder of her predecessor's term (the rule in Art. 14(3) of the 1985 Act). The date of the Sejm resolution electing her has not been established.2

    election

  16. 1987
  17. 15 July 1987

    Ombudsman Act gives the Commissioner for Human Rights standing before the Tribunal

    The Act of 15 July 1987 on the Commissioner for Human Rights (Ombudsman) (Dz.U. 1987 No. 21 item 123), in force from 1 January 1988, amended the Tribunal Act to make the Ombudsman one of the bodies entitled to apply to the Tribunal. It was the first of 13 amendments made to the 1985 Act between 1987 and 1997.5,7

    legislation

  18. 1989
  19. 1989

    Mieczysław Tyczka becomes President of the Tribunal (1989–1993)

    According to the Tribunal, Mieczysław Tyczka was its President from 1989 to 1993, succeeding Alfons Klafkowski. The 1985 Act set out no separate procedure for choosing the President; the exact date he took office has not been established.2,4

    leadership

  20. 29 May 1989

    Act transferring the Council of State's powers amends the Tribunal Act

    The Act of 29 May 1989 transferring the powers of the Council of State (Dz.U. 1989 No. 34 item 178), in force from 19 July 1989, is one of the amendments to the Tribunal Act. From 1989 the Tribunal issued universally binding interpretations of statutes; whether this Act conferred that power has not been verified.5,7

    legislation

  21. 30 November 1989

    Terms of six 1985 members end, including President Klafkowski's

    On 30 November 1989 the four-year terms of Alfons Klafkowski (President since 1985), Kazimierz Buchała, Natalia Gajl, Adam Józefowicz, Andrzej Kabat and Stanisław Pawela expired. Under the 1985 Act half of the bench was renewed every four years.2

    electionleadership

  22. 1 December 1989

    Six new members begin eight-year terms on the Tribunal

    On 1 December 1989 Mieczysław Tyczka, Antoni Filcek, Janina Zakrzewska, Tomasz Dybowski, Wojciech Łączkowski and Andrzej Zoll began their terms, having been elected by the Sejm of the 10th term. The date of the Sejm resolution, the vote and the nominating bodies have not been established.2,8

    election

  23. 1 December 1989

    Amendment to the Tribunal Act of 1 December 1989

    The Act of 1 December 1989 amending the Tribunal Act (Dz.U. 1990 No. 3 item 16) took effect on 18 January 1990. After the changes of this period the oath, still taken before the Marshal of the Sejm, included a pledge to safeguard the Constitution and statutes; whether this amendment introduced that wording has not been verified.5,7

    legislation

  24. 1990
  25. 19 January 1990

    Further amendment to the Tribunal Act (19 January 1990)

    The Act of 19 January 1990 amending the Tribunal Act (Dz.U. 1990 No. 6 item 35) took effect on 7 February 1990. The sources used do not describe what it changed.5,7

    legislation

  26. 1991
  27. 1991

    Consolidated text of the Tribunal Act (Dz.U. 1991 No. 109 item 470)

    The consolidated text incorporated eight amendments made between 1987 and 1991. It widened the list of applicants (including the President, the Presidium of the Senate and 30 senators, the Tribunal of State, the Ombudsman, and the Presidents of the Supreme Audit Office and of the Supreme Administrative Court, plus proceedings on the Tribunal's own initiative), let the Tribunal issue universally binding interpretations of statutes by resolution (Art. 13), and gave the Sejm six months to consider a ruling that a statute was unconstitutional (Art. 7).7,5

    legislationpublication

  28. 1992
  29. 17 October 1992

    The Small Constitution of 17 October 1992 and the Tribunal unverified

    The Constitutional Act of 17 October 1992 on relations between the legislative and executive powers and on local self-government (Dz.U. 1992 No. 84 item 426 — reference unverified) is said to have kept in force, in its Art. 77, the 1952 Constitution's provisions on the Tribunal (Art. 33a); this has not been verified. No change in the Tribunal's status resulting from the Small Constitution has been confirmed.9

    legislationunverified

  30. 31 October 1992

    Antoni Filcek resigns from the Tribunal

    According to the Tribunal, Antoni Filcek, a member since 1 December 1989, resigned on 31 October 1992. The Tribunal had 11 members until 19 February 1993.2

    election

  31. 8 December 1992

    Tribunal rules on land prices set "by declaration"; the Sejm takes no decision

    On 8 December 1992, on an application by the Ombudsman, Prof. Tadeusz Zieliński, the Tribunal held unconstitutional a provision allowing the authorities to set land prices by a mere declaration. According to the weekly Tygodnik Powszechny, the Sejm neither accepted nor rejected the ruling; the weekly argues that inaction was the easiest course, since rejection required a two-thirds majority.10

    ruling

  32. 1993
  33. 1993

    Andrzej Zoll becomes President and Janusz Trzciński Vice-President (from 1993)

    According to the Tribunal, Andrzej Zoll was its President from 1993 to 1997 and Janusz Trzciński its Vice-President from 1993 to 2001. The exact dates on which they took office have not been established.8

    leadership

  34. 19 February 1993

    Ferdynand Rymarz joins the Tribunal

    According to the Tribunal, Ferdynand Rymarz became a member on 19 February 1993 (Sejm of the 1st term); his term ran until 19 February 2001, eight years from his election (Art. 88(2) of the 1997 Act). The dates indicate that he filled the seat vacated by Antoni Filcek; the date of the Sejm resolution has not been confirmed.8,11

    election

  35. 15 May 1993

    Act of 15 May 1993 amends the courts acts, including the Tribunal Act

    The Act of 15 May 1993 amending, among others, the Law on the System of Common Courts and the Acts on the prosecution service, the Supreme Court, the Tribunal and the National Council of the Judiciary changed (in its Art. 4) Art. 26(1) of the Tribunal Act, which concerns participation by a prosecutor from an appellate prosecutor's office. It took effect on 8 September 1993.12

    legislation

  36. 14 September 1993

    Remigiusz Orzechowski leaves the Tribunal before his term ends

    According to the Tribunal, the membership of Remigiusz Orzechowski, author of the Tribunal's first dissenting opinion, ended on 14 September 1993, before his term was due to expire on 30 November 1993. The reason has not been established; the Tribunal had 11 members until the end of November.2

    election

  37. 20 October 1993

    Resolution W 6/93: a ruling the Sejm fails to consider makes the statute lapse

    In its resolution of 20 October 1993 (W 6/93), adopted by the full bench on the Ombudsman's application, the Tribunal laid down the interpretation of Art. 7(2) of the Tribunal Act: the Sejm must consider a ruling that a statute is unconstitutional, and if it does not do so within six months the statute loses force when the President of the Tribunal publishes a notice; dissolution of the Sejm and Senate suspends the time limit. According to Tygodnik Powszechny, the Tribunal thereby widened its own powers and partly freed itself from Sejm control.13,6,10

    rulingcourt finding

  38. 30 November 1993

    Terms of the 1985 eight-year group end, including Vice-President Łukaszuk's

    On 30 November 1993 the terms of Leonard Łukaszuk (Vice-President since 1985), Czesław Bakalarski, Kazimierz Działocha, Henryk Groszyk and Maria Łabor-Soroka (Henryk de Fiumel's successor) expired.2

    electionleadership

  39. 1 December 1993

    Six new members, elected by the 2nd-term Sejm, begin their terms

    On 1 December 1993 Janusz Trzciński, Zdzisław Czeszejko-Sochacki, Lech Garlicki, Stefan Jaworski, Błażej Wierzbowski and Wojciech Sokolewicz began their terms, elected by the Sejm of the 2nd term to replace the 1985 eight-year group. The date of the Sejm resolution, the vote and the nominating bodies have not been established.8

    election

  40. 1994
  41. 27 May 1994

    Krzysztof Kolasiński joins the Tribunal — date inconsistent with Tyczka's departure unverified

    According to the Tribunal, Krzysztof Kolasiński's term ran from 27 May 1994 to 27 May 2002 (eight years from election). He is taken to have succeeded Mieczysław Tyczka, yet according to the same Tribunal records Tyczka resigned only on 17 June 1994; the Sejm's 1994 resolutions could settle the discrepancy.8,2

    election

  42. 17 June 1994

    Mieczysław Tyczka resigns from the Tribunal unverified

    According to the Tribunal, former President Mieczysław Tyczka resigned on 17 June 1994. That date does not square with the start date the Tribunal gives for his presumed successor, Krzysztof Kolasiński (27 May 1994).2

    election

  43. 1995
  44. 27 May 1995

    Tribunal member Janina Zakrzewska dies

    Janina Zakrzewska, a member since 1 December 1989, died on 27 May 1995. The Tribunal had 11 members until 21 July 1995.2

    election

  45. 21 July 1995

    Jadwiga Skórzewska-Łosiak joins the Tribunal

    According to the Tribunal, Jadwiga Skórzewska-Łosiak's term ran from 21 July 1995 to 21 July 2003 (eight years from election). The dates indicate that she succeeded Janina Zakrzewska; the date of the Sejm resolution has not been confirmed.8

    election

  46. 1997
  47. 2 April 1997

    Constitution of 2 April 1997: 15 Tribunal judges with nine-year terms

    The Constitution (Dz.U. 1997 No. 78 item 483) provides for 15 Tribunal judges elected individually by the Sejm for nine years with no re-election (Art. 194(1)), and for a President and Vice-President appointed by the President of the Republic from candidates put forward by the General Assembly of the Tribunal's judges (Art. 194(2)). Under the transitional Art. 239(1), for two years the Sejm could still reject by a two-thirds majority rulings on statutes passed before the Constitution took effect, except rulings given on questions of law referred by courts.3,14,6,15

    legislation

  48. 25 May 1997

    Constitutional referendum unverified

    A referendum on the Constitution was held on 25 May 1997; the Constitution entered into force on 17 October 1997. The detailed results have not been checked against primary sources.16

    politicsunverified

  49. 1 August 1997

    Constitutional Tribunal Act of 1 August 1997 adopted

    The Act (Dz.U. 1997 No. 102 item 643) provided that candidates were nominated by at least 50 MPs or the Presidium of the Sejm and that the Sejm elected each judge for nine years by an absolute majority with at least half of the statutory number of MPs present; judges took the oath before the President of the Republic, and refusing it was equivalent to renouncing the office (Art. 5). Transitional provisions made the existing members judges serving eight years from their election (Art. 88(1)–(2)) and required the Sejm to bring the bench up to 15 (Art. 88(3)).11,17

    legislation

  50. 1 September 1997

    1997 Tribunal Act published; some provisions apply from 9 September

    The Act was published on 1 September 1997. Art. 5(1) (15 judges) and Art. 88(2) and (3) took effect seven days later, on 9 September 1997; the remaining provisions on 17 October 1997, together with the Constitution.18,11

    publicationlegislation

  51. 17 October 1997

    Constitution takes effect; Tribunal loses power to issue binding interpretations

    The Constitution entered into force on 17 October 1997, and constitutional complaints could be lodged from that day. The Tribunal lost its power to issue universally binding interpretations of statutes: pending proceedings were discontinued (Art. 239(2)) and earlier interpretive resolutions kept effect only where applied in final decisions (Art. 239(3)). The Tribunal criticised the two-year transitional period during which the Sejm was not bound to follow its rulings.14

    legislation

  52. 17 October 1997

    1997 Tribunal Act takes effect, repealing the 1985 Act

    On 17 October 1997 the Act of 1 August 1997 took effect and the Act of 29 April 1985 was repealed (Arts. 92–93). The twelve sitting members became judges of the Tribunal (Art. 88(1)); the three new seats needed to reach 15 remained empty until 5 November 1997.11,18,5

    legislation

  53. 5 November 1997

    Sejm elects three judges to the new seats: Dębowska-Romanowska, Safjan and Zdyb

    At its first sitting the 3rd-term Sejm elected, in a single resolution (M.P. 1997 No. 82 item 789), Teresa Dębowska-Romanowska (234 votes), Marek Safjan (274) and Marian Zdyb (257), bringing the Tribunal to 15 judges; Marek Mazurkiewicz (179) fell short of the required majority (214). According to the fact-checking site Demagog, Dębowska-Romanowska was nominated by the Freedom Union (UW) club and Zdyb by the Solidarity Electoral Action (AWS) club.19,20,14,21

    election

  54. 19 November 1997

    Sejm elects successors to Dybowski, Łączkowski and Zoll

    In a single resolution (M.P. 1997 No. 83 item 810) the Sejm elected Biruta Lewaszkiewicz-Petrykowska (240 votes), Wiesław Johann (254) and Andrzej Mączyński (263), with terms starting on 1 December 1997; Bohdan Zdziennicki (174) was not elected (threshold 208). According to Demagog, Johann was nominated by the AWS club.22,20,14,21

    election

  55. 25 November 1997

    Tribunal's General Assembly selects two candidates for President

    On 25 November 1997 the General Assembly of the Tribunal's judges chose two candidates for President of the Tribunal under the new procedure of Art. 194(2) of the Constitution and Art. 15(1) of the 1997 Act. The President of the Republic appointed Marek Safjan from among them (6 January 1998); the other candidate has not been identified.14,11

    leadership

  56. 30 November 1997

    Terms of President Zoll and judges Dybowski and Łączkowski end

    On 30 November 1997 the terms of Andrzej Zoll (President since 1993), Tomasz Dybowski and Wojciech Łączkowski, all elected in 1989, expired. The presidency remained vacant until 6 January 1998; who directed the Tribunal in the meantime has not been established.8,14

    electionleadership

  57. 1998
  58. 6 January 1998

    President Kwaśniewski appoints Marek Safjan President of the Tribunal

    On 6 January 1998 President Aleksander Kwaśniewski appointed Prof. Marek Safjan President of the Tribunal under Art. 194(2) of the Constitution, from the General Assembly's candidates. Safjan held the post until his term as a judge ended on 5 November 2006.14,23

    leadership

  59. 18 December 1998

    Sejm elects Jerzy Ciemniewski to replace Błażej Wierzbowski

    The Sejm elected Jerzy Ciemniewski (M.P. 1998 No. 46 item 646) with 240 votes against a threshold of 220; Bohdan Zdziennicki received 174 and 25 MPs voted against both candidates. The seat had been vacant since 1 December 1998, after Wierzbowski renounced his office (term ended 30 November 1998); according to Demagog, Ciemniewski was nominated by the UW club.24,20,21,8

    election

  60. 1999
  61. 25 June 1999

    Sejm elects Jerzy Stępień to replace Wojciech Sokolewicz

    The Sejm elected Jerzy Stępień (M.P. 1999 No. 23 item 332) with 199 votes against a threshold of 182; Bohdan Zdziennicki received 157 and 97 MPs did not take part. The seat had opened when Sokolewicz renounced his office (term ended 31 May 1999); according to Demagog, Stępień was nominated by AWS.25,20,21,8

    election

  62. 17 October 1999

    Two-year transitional period under Art. 239(1) of the Constitution ends (calculated) unverified

    By calculation (two years from 17 October 1997), the period in which the Sejm could reject by a two-thirds majority Tribunal rulings on pre-Constitution statutes ended on 17 October 1999; from then on the Tribunal's rulings have been final. The sources used do not state this date directly.6,14

    legislationinterpretation

  63. 2000
  64. 9 June 2000

    Amendment of 9 June 2000: retirement status and constitutional complaint rules

    The Act of 9 June 2000 (Dz.U. 2000 No. 53 item 638), the only stand-alone amendment of the Tribunal Act between 1997 and 2015, took effect on 8 October 2000. It introduced retirement status for judges after their term, a three-month time limit for constitutional complaints running from service of the final decision, and mandatory representation by an advocate or legal adviser; it left the rules for electing judges unchanged.26,27

    legislation

  65. 2001
  66. 2 March 2001

    Sejm elects Janusz Niemcewicz to succeed Ferdynand Rymarz

    The Sejm elected Janusz Niemcewicz (M.P. 2001 No. 9 item 149) by 364 votes to 30 with 23 abstentions, with support from, among others, the SLD (146) and AWS (144) clubs. He succeeded Ferdynand Rymarz, whose term expired on 19 February 2001; the seat was vacant for ten days.28,29

    election

  67. 13 November 2001

    4th-term Sejm elects four judges in a single resolution

    The Sejm elected (M.P. 2001 No. 42 item 672; terms from 2 December 2001) Mirosław Wyrzykowski (378 votes), Marian Grzybowski (299), Marek Mazurkiewicz (291) and Bohdan Zdziennicki (290) to the seats of judges whose terms ended on 1 December 2001; Stanisław Biernat (104) and Marek Zirk-Sadowski (94), backed mainly by PO and PiS MPs, were not elected. According to Demagog, Mazurkiewicz and Zdziennicki were nominated by the SLD club.30,31,21

    election

  68. 2 December 2001

    Andrzej Mączyński becomes Vice-President of the Tribunal (date unverified) unverified

    According to English-language Wikipedia, Andrzej Mączyński was Vice-President of the Tribunal from 2 December 2001 to 1 December 2006, after Janusz Trzciński, whose term ended on 1 December 2001; the date of the President's decision has not been verified. His signature as Vice-President on a General Assembly resolution of 3 October 2006 confirms the role.23,32

    leadershipunverified

  69. 2002
  70. 23 May 2002

    Sejm elects Ewa Łętowska to succeed Krzysztof Kolasiński

    The Sejm elected Ewa Łętowska (M.P. 2002 No. 21 item 371; term from 28 May 2002) with 219 votes against a threshold of 186; J. Kochanowski received 141. Łętowska drew votes mainly from SLD, PSL, Samoobrona and UP MPs, Kochanowski from PO, PiS, LPR and part of Samoobrona.33,34

    election

  71. 2003
  72. 10 July 2003

    Sejm elects Adam Jamróz with 210 votes, threshold 207

    The Sejm elected Adam Jamróz (M.P. 2003 No. 37 item 514; term from 22 July 2003) to the seat of Jadwiga Skórzewska-Łosiak; Andrzej Jan Sokala received 165 votes and 38 MPs voted against both. Jamróz was backed by the SLD, UP and PLD clubs, Sokala by PO, PiS, PSL and LPR among others; according to Demagog, Jamróz was nominated by the SLD club.35,36,37,21

    election

  73. 2006
  74. 27 October 2006

    5th-term Sejm elects Gintowt-Jankowicz, Hermeliński and Kotlinowski

    In a single resolution (M.P. 2006 item 792; terms from 6 November 2006) the Sejm elected Wojciech Hermeliński (237 votes), Marek Kotlinowski (231) and Maria Gintowt-Jankowicz (224), mainly with PiS, LPR and Samoobrona votes; Andrzej Rzepliński (152), Stanisław Biernat (140) and I. Lipowicz (109), backed by PO and SLD, were not elected. A motion to send Kotlinowski's candidacy, nominated according to Demagog by the LPR and Samoobrona clubs, back to committee had been rejected 146:229:2.38,39,40,21

    election

  75. 4 November 2006

    President Lech Kaczyński appoints Jerzy Stępień President of the Tribunal

    President Lech Kaczyński appointed Jerzy Stępień President of the Tribunal on 4 November 2006; Stępień took up the post on 6 November 2006, after Marek Safjan's term ended on 5 November, and held it until his own term as a judge ended on 25 June 2008.41,42

    leadership

  76. 17 November 2006

    Sejm was to elect three judges but elects only one, Zbigniew Cieślak

    At a night sitting the Sejm elected Zbigniew Cieślak (M.P. 2006 item 842; term from 2 December 2006) with 224 votes against a threshold of 193; according to e-prawnik.pl and Demagog he was nominated by the PiS club. Over three rounds no one else won a majority (B. Szlachta, Stanisław Biernat, Andrzej Rzepliński), and in a roll-call vote Szlachta fell eight votes short (183:163:35, threshold 191).43,39,44,45

    election

  77. 2 December 2006

    Janusz Niemcewicz becomes Vice-President (date unverified) unverified

    According to English-language Wikipedia, Janusz Niemcewicz was Vice-President from 2 December 2006 until his term ended on 2 March 2010; TVN24 confirms that he held the post in June 2008. The date of the President's decision has not been verified.23,42

    leadershipunverified

  78. 8 December 2006

    Sejm elects Lidia Bagińska and Teresa Liszcz

    The Sejm elected Teresa Liszcz (M.P. 2006 No. 89 item 919) by 303:38:37, with votes from PiS, SLD, Samoobrona, PSL and part of PO among others, and Lidia Bagińska (M.P. 2006 No. 89 item 918) by 207:159:10, with the votes of PiS, Samoobrona and LPR; a motion to send the candidacies back to committee had been rejected 116:243:14. The two seats freed after 1 December had been vacant for six days; Liszcz's term, counted from her election, was due to end on 8 December 2015.46,47,48,49

    election

  79. 2007
  80. 6 March 2007

    Lidia Bagińska takes the oath three months after her election

    According to RMF24, Bagińska took the oath on 6 March 2007; the delay was linked to doubts about her earlier work as a bankruptcy trustee, and she did not adjudicate after the oath. On 7 March 2007 Tribunal President Jerzy Stępień announced that he would open disciplinary proceedings and refer the matter to the General Assembly. The 1997 Act set no deadline for taking the oath.50

    oathdisciplinarypress report

  81. 13 March 2007

    Lidia Bagińska renounces her office as a Tribunal judge

    RMF24 reported on 13 March 2007 that Bagińska had renounced her office and that the Tribunal's General Assembly had been convened for 14 March (English-language Wikipedia gives 12 March 2007 as the end of her term). The seat stayed vacant for about 45 days, until Mirosław Granat's election on 27 April 2007; the General Assembly resolution declaring the mandate expired has not been located.51,23

    electionpress report

  82. 27 April 2007

    Sejm elects Mirosław Granat with votes from PiS and PO among others

    The Sejm elected Mirosław Granat (M.P. 2007 No. 29 item 320) by 328:45:4, with the PiS (130) and PO (100) clubs among those in favour and SLD (45) against. He took the seat vacated by Lidia Bagińska; his term was counted from his election, to 27 April 2016.52,53

    election

  83. 18 December 2007

    6th-term Sejm elects Andrzej Rzepliński

    The Sejm elected Andrzej Rzepliński (M.P. 2007 No. 100 item 1079; term from 19 December 2007) with 222 votes against a threshold of 206; A. Sokala, nominated by LiD, received 50, and 139 MPs (136 of them from PiS) voted against both. According to TVN24, Rzepliński was nominated by PO; he succeeded Jerzy Ciemniewski.54,55,56

    election

  84. 2008
  85. 13 June 2008

    Sejm elects Stanisław Biernat; the PiS club does not take part in the vote

    The Sejm elected Stanisław Biernat (M.P. 2008 No. 47 item 420; term from 26 June 2008) by 270:5:1 against a threshold of 139; only 276 MPs voted, as the entire PiS club (158) was absent from the vote. Biernat, nominated by PO according to Demagog, succeeded Jerzy Stępień; he had lost earlier votes in 2001 and 2006.57,58,21

    election

  86. 26 June 2008

    President Lech Kaczyński appoints Bohdan Zdziennicki President of the Tribunal

    After Jerzy Stępień's term ended on 25 June 2008, President Lech Kaczyński appointed Bohdan Zdziennicki President of the Tribunal from the General Assembly's two candidates (the other was Vice-President Janusz Niemcewicz). Zdziennicki held the post until his term ended on 2 December 2010.42,59

    leadership

  87. 2010
  88. 19 February 2010

    Sejm declines to put the election of a Tribunal judge on its agenda

    On 19 February 2010 the Sejm voted 202:210:6 against adding the election of a Tribunal judge (prints nos. 2735 and 2798) to its agenda; the seat concerned was Janusz Niemcewicz's, whose term was due to end on 2 March 2010.60

    election

  89. 2 March 2010

    Vice-President Niemcewicz's term ends; his seat stays vacant for 64 days

    Janusz Niemcewicz's term expired on 2 March 2010. His seat was vacant from 3 March to 5 May 2010, the longest judicial vacancy between 1997 and 2015.23,60,61

    electionleadership

  90. 3 March 2010

    Marek Mazurkiewicz becomes Vice-President (date unverified) unverified

    According to English-language Wikipedia, Marek Mazurkiewicz was Vice-President from 3 March to 2 December 2010; infor.pl confirms that Stanisław Biernat succeeded him in that post in December 2010. The date of the President's decision has not been verified.23,62

    leadershipunverified

  91. 4 March 2010

    PiS candidate Krystyna Pawłowicz is not elected to the Tribunal

    On 4 March 2010 Krystyna Pawłowicz, the PiS candidate for the seat vacated by Janusz Niemcewicz, received 157 votes in favour, 264 against and 5 abstentions, with 214 needed.60,63

    election

  92. 6 May 2010

    Sejm elects Sławomira Wronkowska-Jaśkiewicz with 415 votes in favour

    The Sejm elected Sławomira Wronkowska-Jaśkiewicz (M.P. 2010 No. 38 item 525) by 415:2:13, with support from the PO (193), PiS (136), Left (39) and PSL (27) clubs among others. According to Demagog she was nominated by PO; her election ended the 64-day vacancy left by Janusz Niemcewicz.61,64,21

    election

  93. 2 November 2010

    Parliamentary clubs nominate candidates for four Tribunal seats

    According to prawo.pl, by 2 November 2010 PO had nominated Bogusław Banaszak, Stanisław Rymar and Piotr Tuleja, PiS Krystyna Pawłowicz, PSL Marek Zubik and SLD Andrzej Wróbel; Banaszak later withdrew. From 2010 non-governmental organisations (the Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights, INPRiS and the Polish section of the International Commission of Jurists) monitored the candidates.63,65

    electionpress report

  94. 26 November 2010

    Sejm elects Tuleja, Rymar and Zubik; a fourth seat remains unfilled

    In a list vote the Sejm elected, in one resolution (M.P. 2010 No. 93 item 1067; terms from 3 December 2010), Piotr Tuleja (348 votes), Stanisław Rymar (203) and Marek Zubik (200); Krystyna Pawłowicz (140) and Andrzej Wróbel (41) failed to win a majority, including in a run-off and in a roll-call vote on Pawłowicz (140:199:25). According to TVN24 most PiS MPs backed Tuleja but voted against Rymar and Zubik; in 2017 the Prosecutor General challenged the joint vote, arguing that Art. 194(1) of the Constitution requires a separate resolution for each judge.66,60,67,65

    election

  95. 3 December 2010

    President Komorowski appoints Andrzej Rzepliński President of the Tribunal

    On 3 December 2010, after Bohdan Zdziennicki's term ended, President Bronisław Komorowski appointed Andrzej Rzepliński President of the Tribunal; the General Assembly's other candidate was Ewa Łętowska. In December 2010 Stanisław Biernat became Vice-President, succeeding Marek Mazurkiewicz, while one of the four judicial seats freed on 2 December remained vacant for 33 days.62,23

    leadership

  96. 2011
  97. 5 January 2011

    Sejm elects Małgorzata Pyziak-Szafnicka, ending a 33-day vacancy

    The Sejm elected Małgorzata Pyziak-Szafnicka (M.P. 2011 No. 4 item 39) with 253 votes against a threshold of 205; Krystyna Pawłowicz received 149. Pyziak-Szafnicka was backed by PO, PSL and SLD MPs, Pawłowicz by PiS and PJN; according to Demagog, Pyziak-Szafnicka was nominated by PO.68,69,21

    election

  98. 27 May 2011

    Sejm elects Andrzej Wróbel to succeed Ewa Łętowska

    The Sejm elected Andrzej Wróbel (M.P. 2011 No. 45 item 492; term from 29 May 2011) with 243 votes against a threshold of 211; Piotr Andrzejewski, backed by PiS and PJN, received 148. According to Demagog he was nominated by SLD and PO, among others; in 2010 he had been the SLD candidate.70,71,21,63

    election

  99. 2012
  100. 13 July 2012

    7th-term Sejm elects Leon Kieres, jointly nominated by PO, PSL and SLD

    The Sejm elected Leon Kieres (M.P. 2012 item 506; term from 23 July 2012), the sole candidate, by 340:43:44, with PO (196) and PiS (80, with 41 abstaining) among those in favour and Ruch Palikota against. He was heard at the Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights on 10 July and approved by the Sejm Justice and Human Rights Committee on 11 July; the Iustitia association argued that because only parties nominate candidates, party politics stays in the process.72,73,74,75

    election

  101. 2013
  102. 11 July 2013

    President Komorowski submits a new Tribunal bill to the Sejm (print 1590) unverified

    President Bronisław Komorowski sent three bills to the Sejm, including a new Tribunal Act intended among other things to speed up proceedings, make the selection of candidates "transparent" and set deadlines for written reasons. According to the Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights, its outline was drafted by former Tribunal judges led by the President of the Tribunal. The submission date (11 or 10 July 2013) still needs to be checked against the Sejm print.76,77

    legislation

  103. 29 August 2013

    Sejm begins work on the presidential Tribunal bill unverified

    According to a Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights report, Sejm work on print 1590 began on 29 August 2013; a subcommittee then worked on the bill for more than eighteen months. The date of the first reading and the sitting number have not been verified.77

    legislationunverified

  104. 2015
  105. 9 April 2015

    Subcommittee report: only bodies within the Sejm may nominate Tribunal candidates

    According to the Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights, the subcommittee's report of 9 April 2015 closed more than eighteen months of work on the bill; the subcommittee had deleted the option for bodies outside the Sejm to nominate candidates for the Tribunal.77

    legislation

  106. 12 May 2015

    Sejm committee adds the transitional provision that became Art. 137

    On 12 May 2015, at a meeting of the Justice and Human Rights Committee, PO MP Robert Kropiwnicki proposed the provision (Art. 135 in the committee text, Art. 137 in the Act), arguing that several judges' terms would end around the change of Sejm terms. As described by participants in case K 34/15, it allowed 30 days from the Act's entry into force for motions to elect successors to judges whose terms expired in 2015. A. Szmyt writes that the then opposition criticised it from the outset because it allowed two judges to be elected in advance for seats that would fall vacant during the next Sejm's term.77,78,79,80

    legislation

  107. 27 May 2015

    Sejm passes the Tribunal bill at third reading (261:144:11)

    On 27 May 2015 the 7th-term Sejm passed the bill (committee report: print no. 3397) by 261 votes to 144 with 11 abstentions. The PO (192), PSL (32) and SLD (21) clubs voted in favour and PiS (122) and United Right (15) against; most minority motions had been rejected beforehand.79,81

    legislation

  108. 29 May 2015

    President-elect Duda asks the government to hold off changes until he takes office

    According to chronologies of the dispute over the Tribunal (Polish Wikipedia, Demagog), on 29 May 2015 President-elect Andrzej Duda asked Ewa Kopacz's government to hold off changes until he took office on 6 August 2015. These sources do not specify the exact scope of the request.82,83

    politicsstatementparticipant's claim

  109. 25 June 2015

    Sejm completes the Tribunal Act of 25 June 2015 (Senate amendments)

    On 25 June 2015 the Sejm dealt with the Senate's resolution (the Senate had worked on the Act from 12 June), rejecting amendments 5–8 and 28 (241:150:27) and accepting the rest; according to the account in case K 34/15, this eliminated a four-year limit on the terms of the Tribunal's President and Vice-President. The Act set deadlines for nominations (at least three months before a term expires; 14 days for a new motion after a failed vote), an age range of 40–67 and the transitional Art. 137, but did not say when a judge's term begins or by when the oath must be taken.81,78,77,84

    legislation

  110. 21 July 2015

    President Komorowski signs the Tribunal Act

    According to an RMF24 timeline, President Bronisław Komorowski signed the Constitutional Tribunal Act on 21 July 2015, a little over two weeks before his term ended on 6 August 2015.85

    legislation

  111. 30 July 2015

    Tribunal Act published in the Journal of Laws (Dz.U. 2015 item 1064)

    The Constitutional Tribunal Act of 25 June 2015 was published on 30 July 2015 (Dz.U. 2015 item 1064). It took effect 30 days after publication, except Art. 108(3), according to the Ombudsman's submission in case K 34/15.27,78

    publicationlegislation

  112. 30 August 2015

    2015 Tribunal Act takes effect, replacing the 1997 Act

    On 30 August 2015 the Act of 25 June 2015 took effect and the Act of 1 August 1997 ceased to apply. Under Art. 17 of the new Act the Sejm elects the 15 judges individually, by an absolute majority, for nine years with no re-election; the oath is taken before the President, and refusing it is equivalent to renouncing the office (Art. 21).18,85,84

    legislation

  113. 7 October 2015

    Sejm Justice Committee considers five candidates for the Tribunal

    The Justice and Human Rights Committee of the 7th-term Sejm considered five candidates nominated on 29 September 2015 by the Presidium of the Sejm under the Constitutional Tribunal Act of 25 June 2015. According to the Tribunal, the main opposition party did not nominate a candidate of its own.86

    election

  114. 8 October 2015

    Beata Szydło criticises the election of five Tribunal judges

    According to TVN24, Beata Szydło described the election as „psucie państwa” ("ruining the state"). PiS nominated no candidates and voted against; the candidates were put forward politically by the PO, PSL and SLD clubs and formally nominated by the Presidium of the Sejm.87

    statementpoliticsparticipant's claim

  115. 8 October 2015
    19:03 CET

    7th-term Sejm elects Hauser, Jakubecki and Ślebzak as Tribunal judges

    At its 102nd sitting the Sejm elected by absolute majority Roman Hauser (274 votes for), Krzysztof Ślebzak (268) and Andrzej Jakubecki (272) to the seats of Maria Gintowt-Jankowicz, Wojciech Hermeliński and Marek Kotlinowski, whose terms were due to end on 6 November 2015. The legal basis was Art. 137 of the Constitutional Tribunal Act of 25 June 2015; the resolutions were published in M.P. 2015 items 1038–1040.88,86,89

    election

  116. 8 October 2015
    19:05 CET

    7th-term Sejm elects Sitek and Sokala to seats falling vacant in December 2015

    The same evening the Sejm elected Bronisław Sitek (244 votes for) and Andrzej Jan Sokala (264) to the seats of Zbigniew Cieślak (term ending 2 December 2015) and Teresa Liszcz (8 December 2015). In judgment K 34/15 the Tribunal later held that Art. 137 of the Act of 25 June 2015 was unconstitutional in respect of these two seats.88,86,90

    election

  117. 23 October 2015

    PiS MPs challenge the Constitutional Tribunal Act of 25 June 2015 (K 29/15)

    A group of PiS MPs asked the Tribunal to review numerous provisions of the Constitutional Tribunal Act of 25 June 2015; the case was registered as K 29/15.86

    ruling

  118. 23 October 2015

    Resolutions of 8 October 2015 published in Monitor Polski

    The five Sejm resolutions electing Tribunal judges were published in M.P. 2015: Hauser – item 1038, Jakubecki – 1039, Ślebzak – 1040, Sitek – 1041, Sokala – 1042.89,91

    publicationresolution

  119. 6 November 2015

    Terms of Gintowt-Jankowicz, Hermeliński and Kotlinowski end

    The terms of Tribunal judges Maria Gintowt-Jankowicz, Wojciech Hermeliński and Marek Kotlinowski ended. According to the Tribunal’s position of February 2016, the terms of Hauser, Jakubecki and Ślebzak, elected to their seats, began on 7 November 2015, although the President did not take their oaths.86

    term

  120. 10 November 2015

    PiS MPs withdraw their motion in case K 29/15

    The applicants withdrew their motion of 23 October 2015 concerning the Constitutional Tribunal Act of 25 June 2015, opening the way to discontinuing the proceedings.86

    ruling

  121. 17 November 2015

    PO MPs file a motion on the Tribunal Act (K 34/15)

    A group of PO MPs filed a motion similar in content to the withdrawn motion K 29/15, concerning the Constitutional Tribunal Act of 25 June 2015; the case was registered as K 34/15.86

    ruling

  122. 19 November 2015

    8th-term Sejm passes an amendment to the Tribunal Act

    The Act of 19 November 2015 (Dz.U. 2015 item 1928) provided, among other things, for the oath before the President within 30 days of election, for a judge’s term to begin on the day of the oath, for a new 7-day period to nominate candidates for seats falling vacant in 2015 (Art. 137a) and for the terms of the Tribunal’s President and Vice-President to expire after 3 months. It also changed the appointment of the President and Vice-President (3-year term, chosen by the President of the Republic from at least three candidates).92

    legislation

  123. 20 November 2015

    Amendment of 19 November 2015 signed and published

    The amendment, signed by President Andrzej Duda, was published as Dz.U. 2015 item 1928; it was to enter into force after 14 days, i.e. on 5 December 2015.92,86

    legislationpublication

  124. 25 November 2015

    Tribunal discontinues case K 29/15

    After the PiS MPs withdrew their motion, the Tribunal discontinued case K 29/15 by a decision.86

    ruling

  125. 25 November 2015
    23:46 CET

    Sejm adopts five resolutions „stating the lack of legal effect” of the 8 October elections

    At its 2nd sitting the 8th-term Sejm added the item to its agenda in the evening and between 23:46 and 23:50 adopted, with 270–273 votes for, five resolutions „stating the lack of legal effect” of the resolutions of 8 October 2015; each called on the President not to accept the oath. According to Wikipedia, PiS and Kukiz’15 voted for while most PO MPs did not vote; the resolutions were published in M.P. 2015 items 1131–1135. In decision U 8/15 the Tribunal later treated them as an expression of political position without legal effect on the earlier election.93,89,94,86

    resolution

  126. 26 November 2015

    Sejm amends Art. 30 of its Standing Orders unverified

    According to Wikipedia, on 26 November 2015 the Sejm amended Art. 30 of its Standing Orders. The M.P. number of the resolution has not been established, and the voting record of 25 November lists a vote on a „uchwała regulaminowa” (standing-orders resolution), so the date and the link between the two need checking.94,93

    resolution

  127. 30 November 2015

    Tribunal orders the Sejm to refrain from electing judges until judgment

    By a decision in case K 34/15 the Tribunal obliged the Sejm to refrain from steps towards electing Tribunal judges until it delivered judgment. According to Wikipedia the decision was unanimous and the Sejm did not comply, electing five judges on 2 December 2015.86,83,94

    ruling

  128. 30 November 2015

    Tribunal recuses three judges in K 34/15; five-judge bench requested

    The Tribunal recused judges Stanisław Biernat, Andrzej Rzepliński and Piotr Tuleja from case K 34/15. As a full bench (at least 9 judges) could not be assembled, on 1 December 2015 the Tribunal asked the President of the Tribunal for a five-judge bench.86

    ruling

  129. 1 December 2015

    PiS MPs nominate five candidates for the Tribunal (Sejm print 56)

    Sejm print 56 listed Henryk Cioch, Lech Morawski, Mariusz Muszyński, Julia Przyłębska and Piotr Pszczółkowski, nominated by MPs of the PiS parliamentary club (applicants’ representative: Marek Ast); the print did not state whose seats they were to fill. The Justice and Human Rights Committee gave its opinion the same day (print 57; positive according to the Tribunal).95,96,86

    election

  130. 2 December 2015
    18:05 CET

    8th-term Sejm elects five Tribunal judges

    After rejecting motions to adjourn and to refer the matter to committee, the Sejm added the item to its agenda (234 for, 206 against) and between 18:05 and 19:26 elected Henryk Cioch, Lech Morawski, Mariusz Muszyński, Julia Przyłębska and Piotr Pszczółkowski (232–236 votes for each). The election took place despite the Tribunal’s decision of 30 November 2015; the resolutions (M.P. 2015 items 1182–1186) do not state whose seats the electees fill.97,98,99,91

    election

  131. 3 December 2015

    The four sworn-in electees enter the Tribunal; its President assigns them no cases

    According to Wikipedia, the four persons sworn in overnight entered the Tribunal building on 3 December 2015, and President of the Tribunal Andrzej Rzepliński did not assign them cases. He granted Pszczółkowski (together with Przyłębska) admission to adjudication on 12 January 2016.94

    leadership

  132. 3 December 2015

    Judgment K 34/15 on the Constitutional Tribunal Act of 25 June 2015

    A five-judge bench held that Art. 137 of the Act of 25 June 2015 was consistent with Art. 194(1) of the Constitution as regards the judges whose terms ended on 6 November 2015, and inconsistent as regards the terms ending on 2 and 8 December 2015. It also held that Art. 21(1) of that Act, if understood otherwise than as obliging the President to take without delay the oath of a judge elected by the Sejm, is inconsistent with Art. 194(1) of the Constitution.90,78,100

    rulingcourt finding

  133. 3 December 2015

    President’s spokesman: no oath for the three October electees unverified

    According to English-language Wikipedia, citing the press, the President’s spokesman (Marek Magierowski according to press sources) said after judgment K 34/15 that the President would not take the oath of the three persons whose election the Tribunal had found to have a legal basis either, because the number of judges would then be inconsistent with the Constitution. The statement has not been confirmed in a primary document.101

    statementoathparticipant's claim

  134. 3 December 2015
    00:15 CET

    President takes the oath of four of the 2 December electees overnight

    In the night of 2–3 December 2015 (around 00:15 according to Wikipedia), a few hours before the hearing in case K 34/15 scheduled for 9:00, President Andrzej Duda took the oath of Henryk Cioch, Lech Morawski, Mariusz Muszyński and Piotr Pszczółkowski. The President did not take the oath of any of the five persons elected on 8 October 2015.86,102,94,103

    oath

  135. 4 December 2015

    PO MPs challenge the Sejm resolutions of 25 November and 2 December (U 8/15)

    A group of PO MPs challenged before the Tribunal the five Sejm resolutions of 25 November 2015 and the five of 2 December 2015; the case (U 8/15) was assigned to the full bench with a hearing set for 12 January 2016.86

    ruling

  136. 5 December 2015

    Amendment of 19 November 2015 enters into force

    The Act of 19 November 2015 (Dz.U. 2015 item 1928) entered into force, including the provision ending the terms of the sitting President and Vice-President of the Tribunal after 3 months. Its provisions were already under review in case K 35/15.92,86

    legislation

  137. 9 December 2015

    Judgment K 35/15 on the amendment of 19 November 2015

    A five-judge bench held, among other things, that the following were unconstitutional: making a judge’s term begin only on the day of the oath, the 30-day period for the oath, ending the terms of the Tribunal’s President and Vice-President, allowing their reappointment, and Art. 137a in so far as it allowed a candidate to be nominated for the seat of a judge whose term ended on 6 November 2015. It found the procedure by which the Act was passed consistent with the Constitution.104,86

    rulingcourt finding

  138. 9 December 2015

    Julia Przyłębska takes the oath before the President

    The fifth person elected on 2 December 2015, Julia Przyłębska, took the oath before the President on 9 December 2015, six days after the other four.86,102

    oath

  139. 10 December 2015

    Head of the PM’s Chancellery writes to the Tribunal President about publishing K 34/15

    According to Wikipedia, on 10–11 December 2015 Beata Kempa, head of the Chancellery of the Prime Minister, sent the President of the Tribunal a letter with questions about publishing the judgment, and he replied citing Art. 190(2) of the Constitution.94

    publicationpolitics

  140. 14 December 2015

    Prosecutors open proceedings over the non-publication of K 34/15

    According to Wikipedia, prosecutors in Warsaw opened proceedings over the non-publication of the judgment of 3 December 2015; they were discontinued on 7 January 2016.94

    prosecutionpublication

  141. 16 December 2015

    Judgment K 34/15 published in the Journal of Laws after 13 days

    The judgment of 3 December 2015 was published as Dz.U. 2015 item 2129, 13 days after it was delivered.90

    publication

  142. 18 December 2015

    Judgment K 35/15 published in the Journal of Laws after 9 days

    The judgment of 9 December 2015 was published as Dz.U. 2015 item 2147, 9 days after it was delivered.104

    publication

  143. 22 December 2015

    Sejm passes the Act of 22 December 2015 amending the Tribunal Act

    The Act (Dz.U. 2015 item 2217) introduced, among other things, a full bench of at least 13 judges and a two-thirds majority for full-bench judgments, hearing cases in order of receipt, minimum waiting periods before hearings (6 and 3 months) and the possibility for the Sejm to remove a judge from office on a motion of the General Assembly.86,94

    legislation

  144. 28 December 2015

    President signs the Act of 22 December 2015

    According to Wikipedia, after the Senate adopted the Act without amendments (23–24 December), the President signed it on 28 December 2015; it entered into force on the day of publication. Motions to review it were filed by the First President of the Supreme Court, two groups of MPs, the Ombudsman and the National Council of the Judiciary.94,101,86

    legislation

  145. 2016
  146. 7 January 2016

    Tribunal discontinues case U 8/15 on the Sejm resolutions on judges

    In closed session the Tribunal discontinued the case, finding that resolutions electing judges are not normative acts and are not subject to its substantive review. In its reasons it said the resolutions of 25 November 2015 expressed a political position without legal effect on the 8 October election, while the assessment of the 2 December resolutions depended on whether the seats were already filled, which judgment K 34/15 had determined.86

    rulingcourt finding

  147. 12 January 2016

    President Rzepliński admits Przyłębska and Pszczółkowski to adjudication

    According to Wikipedia and the Venice Commission, the President of the Tribunal granted admission to adjudication to two of the five persons elected on 2 December 2015 – those who took the seats that fell vacant in December. He did not admit the other three, while the President of the Republic still had not taken the oath of the three October electees.94,103,86

    leadership

  148. 13 January 2016

    European Commission opens Rule of Law Framework dialogue with Poland

    The European Commission announced the launch of the Rule of Law Framework procedure (a dialogue with the Polish government) over the dispute about the Constitutional Tribunal. It called for respect for the Tribunal’s judgments and for the oath to be taken from the judges it considered properly elected.83,82

    Europefinding of a public body

  149. 29 February 2016

    Tribunal communiqué on the election of judges and the amendments

    In a communiqué of its Office dated 29 February 2016, the Tribunal under Andrzej Rzepliński’s presidency stated its position that Hauser, Jakubecki and Ślebzak are judges whose terms have run since 7 November 2015 and who have not taken the oath because of the President’s inaction. It regarded the election of Sitek and Sokala as ineffective in the light of judgment K 34/15.86

    statementparticipant's claim

  150. 4 March 2016

    Prosecutor General Ziobro withdraws his predecessor’s submission

    According to Wikipedia, Zbigniew Ziobro, as Prosecutor General, withdrew the submission filed earlier by Prosecutor General Andrzej Seremet; the notes place this in the context of case K 47/15 on the Act of 22 December 2015.94

    statementparticipant's claim

  151. 7 March 2016

    Ziobro: government will not publish rulings issued by an „improper” bench

    According to Wikipedia, Prosecutor General Zbigniew Ziobro wrote to the Tribunal that the government would not publish rulings issued by an „improper” bench, i.e. without following the procedure of the Act of 22 December 2015. A consolidated text of the Tribunal Act was published the same day.94,103

    statementpublicationparticipant's claim

  152. 9 March 2016

    Judgment K 47/15: Act of 22 December 2015 held unconstitutional

    After a hearing on 8 March, a twelve-judge bench presided over by Andrzej Rzepliński held the Act of 22 December 2015 as a whole inconsistent with Arts. 7, 112 and 119(1) of the Constitution and with the principle of proper legislation, and held a number of its provisions unconstitutional. Beata Szydło’s government refused to publish it, arguing that the Tribunal had disregarded the procedure laid down in that Act; the judgment was published only on 5 June 2018.105,94

    rulingpublicationcourt finding

  153. 11 March 2016

    Venice Commission adopts Opinion CDL-AD(2016)001 on the Tribunal Act amendments

    The Venice Commission found that the conflict originated in actions of the Sejm of the 7th term and that the December 2015 amendment (including a 13-judge quorum and a two-thirds majority) endangered the rule of law and the Tribunal’s effectiveness; it called for dialogue and respect for the Tribunal’s judgments. The government stated at the time that it would not publish “rulings” issued in a procedure inconsistent with the Act of 22 December 2015.106,107,83

    Europefinding of a public body

  154. 13 April 2016

    European Parliament calls for implementation of the December 2015 Tribunal judgments

    The European Parliament adopted a resolution calling for implementation of the Tribunal’s judgments of 3 and 9 December 2015 (K 34/15 and K 35/15).83

    Europeresolutionfinding of a public body

  155. 14 April 2016
    10:46 CET

    Sejm elects Zbigniew Jędrzejewski as a Tribunal judge

    The Sejm elected Zbigniew Jędrzejewski, a candidate nominated by PiS according to the press, to Mirosław Granat’s seat: 227 for, 0 against, 6 abstentions, with 227 not voting (the opposition boycotted the vote to break the quorum). According to press reports several Kukiz’15 MPs voted despite the boycott, including Małgorzata Zwiercan, who also cast a vote for K. Morawiecki, and prosecutors opened proceedings over it; the resolution was published as M.P. 2016 item 393.108,109,110,111

    election

  156. 27 April 2016

    Judge Mirosław Granat’s term ends

    According to press reports, Mirosław Granat’s term ended on 27 April 2016; the Sejm had already elected Zbigniew Jędrzejewski to his seat.110,111

    term

  157. 27 April 2016

    Prosecutors decline to open proceedings over non-publication of K 47/15

    According to Wikipedia, prosecutors declined to open proceedings over the non-publication of the judgment of 9 March 2016.94

    prosecutionpublication

  158. 28 April 2016

    Zbigniew Jędrzejewski takes the oath before the President

    President Andrzej Duda took the oath of Zbigniew Jędrzejewski and, according to TVN24, said the Tribunal again had 15 judges, „jak przewiduje Konstytucja” ("as the Constitution provides"). The notes read this as the President counting Cioch, Morawski and Muszyński among its members; according to the press, Jędrzejewski’s term was to run until 28 April 2025.110,111,102

    oathstatement

  159. 29 April 2016

    PiS and PSL table bills for a new Tribunal Act

    According to Wikipedia, on 29 April 2016 the PiS and PSL clubs tabled bills on the Constitutional Tribunal in the Sejm.94

    legislationpolitics

  160. 22 July 2016

    Sejm passes the Constitutional Tribunal Act of 22 July 2016

    The Act (Dz.U. 2016 item 1157) repealed the 2015 Act and in Art. 90 required the President of the Tribunal to include in benches, and assign cases to, judges who had taken the oath before the President but had not taken up their duties. Art. 89 provided for publication within 30 days of rulings issued before 20 July 2016 in breach of the Act of 25 June 2015, except those concerning acts no longer in force.112

    legislation

  161. 27 July 2016

    European Commission issues its first rule-of-law recommendation on Poland

    In Recommendation (EU) 2016/1374 (OJ L 217, 12.8.2016) the Commission found a systemic threat to the rule of law and gave Poland three months to act. According to secondary texts it recommended, among other things, implementing judgments K 34/15 and K 35/15 (admitting the three judges elected in October 2015) and publishing judgment K 47/15.113,114,115

    Europefinding of a public body

  162. 1 August 2016

    Act of 22 July 2016 published in the Journal of Laws

    The Act was published as Dz.U. 2016 item 1157; under its Art. 92 it was to enter into force after 14 days, i.e. on 16 August 2016.112

    legislationpublication

  163. 8 August 2016

    Supreme Administrative Court first applies an unpublished Tribunal judgment

    According to Wikipedia, on 8 August 2016 the Supreme Administrative Court for the first time applied in its rulings a Tribunal judgment that had not been published in the Journal of Laws.94

    rulingpublication

  164. 11 August 2016

    Judgment K 39/16 on the Act of 22 July 2016

    In the joined cases K 39/16, K 40/16 and K 41/16, a twelve-judge bench sitting in closed session under the Act of 25 June 2015 held unconstitutional, among others, Arts. 89 and 90 of the Act of 22 July 2016. The government did not recognise or publish the judgment; it appeared in the Journal of Laws only on 5 June 2018 (item 1078).116,117

    rulingpublicationcourt finding

  165. 16 August 2016

    July Act enters into force; government publishes 21 pending rulings

    The Constitutional Tribunal Act of 22 July 2016 entered into force. According to the European Commission’s recommendation of 21 December 2016, the government that day published 21 pending Tribunal rulings but did not recognise or publish judgment K 39/16.117,112

    publicationlegislation

  166. 18 August 2016

    Criminal proceedings opened concerning the Tribunal’s President

    According to the European Commission’s recommendation of 21 December 2016, criminal proceedings concerning the President of the Tribunal were opened on 18 August 2016. The notes do not give the subject, the authority conducting them or their outcome.117

    prosecution

  167. 14 September 2016

    European Parliament adopts a further resolution on Poland

    The European Parliament adopted a further resolution on the situation in Poland, referred to in recital 13 of the Commission’s recommendation of 21 December 2016. The notes do not summarise its content.115

    Europeresolution

  168. 14 October 2016

    Venice Commission adopts Opinion CDL-AD(2016)026 on the July 2016 Tribunal Act

    At its 108th plenary session the Venice Commission found that judgment K 34/15 required the three judges elected in October 2015 to be included in the Tribunal, which had not been done, and that publication and implementation of judgment K 47/15 were indispensable for resolving the crisis. The opinion was requested by the Council of Europe Secretary General; the Polish government did not send a representative.118,119

    Europefinding of a public body

  169. 27 October 2016

    Polish government rejects the Commission’s July 2016 recommendation

    The Polish government replied to the Commission’s recommendation of 27 July 2016, disagreeing with it on every point – according to recital 17 of the Commission’s next recommendation of 21 December 2016.115

    Europestatement

  170. 7 November 2016

    Judgment K 44/16 on the procedure for choosing the Tribunal’s President

    The Tribunal delivered judgment K 44/16 concerning the procedure for choosing its President. The judgment was not published in 2016; on 29 May 2018 President of the Tribunal Julia Przyłębska ordered its publication.117,94

    ruling

  171. 30 November 2016

    Tribunal General Assembly lacks a quorum

    According to the European Commission, the General Assembly of Tribunal judges lacked a quorum on 10 and 30 November and 8 December 2016; Wikipedia gives 8 and 30 November. The minutes of the Assembly or Tribunal communiqués would resolve the discrepancy.117,94

    leadership

  172. 30 November 2016

    Sejm passes the Acts on the Tribunal’s organisation and on judges’ status

    The Sejm passed the Act on the organisation of, and proceedings before, the Tribunal (print 1052; 228 for, 200 against, 6 abstentions) and the same day rejected most Senate amendments to the Act on the status of Tribunal judges. Both Acts are dated 30 November 2016 (Dz.U. 2016 items 2072 and 2073).120,121

    legislation

  173. 13 December 2016
    21:21 CET

    Sejm passes the Implementing Provisions Act for the Tribunal Acts

    The Act of 13 December 2016 (print 1115; Dz.U. 2016 item 2074) was passed with 229 votes for, 198 against and 4 abstentions. Its Art. 17 provided for the President of the Republic to entrust the duties of the Tribunal’s President to a designated judge until a President was appointed, and Art. 18 for that judge to assign cases to judges who had taken the oath before the President.122,121

    legislation

  174. 15 December 2016
    00:50 CET

    Sejm elects Michał Warciński to Andrzej Rzepliński’s seat

    At its 32nd sitting the Sejm elected Michał Warciński (231 for, 179 against, 5 abstentions, 45 not voting) to the seat of President of the Tribunal Andrzej Rzepliński, whose term was ending on 19 December 2016; the resolution was published as M.P. 2016 item 1206. The nominating body and the date of the oath have not been confirmed.123,109

    election

  175. 19 December 2016

    Three Tribunal Acts published on the last day of Rzepliński’s term

    According to Wikipedia, the Acts of 30 November and 13 December 2016 were published late in the evening of 19 December 2016; the publication date of the Implementing Provisions (Dz.U. 2016 item 2074) is confirmed by the Journal of Laws, while those of items 2072 and 2073 were not checked. The provisions on the acting President and the General Assembly entered into force the next day.94,121

    legislationpublication

  176. 19 December 2016

    Term of Tribunal President and judge Andrzej Rzepliński ends

    According to Wikipedia, Andrzej Rzepliński’s term as judge and President of the Tribunal ended on 19 December 2016. His seat went to Michał Warciński, elected on 15 December.94

    termleadership

  177. 19 December 2016

    Judge Andrzej Wróbel announces his resignation

    According to Wikipedia, Tribunal judge Andrzej Wróbel announced his resignation on 19 December 2016; the press reports that he submitted it in mid-December and then returned to the Supreme Court.94,124

    term

  178. 20 December 2016

    Acting President admits Cioch, Morawski and Muszyński to adjudication

    Under Art. 18 of the Implementing Provisions, acting President Julia Przyłębska granted admission to adjudication to the three persons elected on 2 December 2015 to seats that the Tribunal in judgment K 34/15 had held to be already filled. She also authorised Mariusz Muszyński to exercise her powers on 20 and 21 December (she issued an annex to the authorisation on 4 January 2017).117,125,126

    leadership

  179. 20 December 2016

    President entrusts Julia Przyłębska with the duties of Tribunal President

    By decision No. 1131.24.2016 (M.P. 2016 item 1229), issued under Art. 17 of the Implementing Provisions of 13 December 2016, the President entrusted Julia Przyłębska with the duties of President of the Tribunal; according to rp.pl she took them up on the morning of 20 December. The European Commission’s recommendation dates this designation to 19 December, but the primary document is dated 20 December.109,127,117

    leadership

  180. 20 December 2016

    Start of Michał Warciński’s term as Tribunal judge

    According to the Tribunal’s 2017 report, Michał Warciński’s term began on 20 December 2016. The date of his oath before the President has not been confirmed in the notes.102

    term

  181. 20 December 2016
    13:30 CET

    Tribunal General Assembly puts forward Przyłębska and Muszyński for President

    Fourteen judges took part in the General Assembly convened for 13:30 (with about four hours’ notice); according to Wikipedia six votes were cast (Przyłębska 5, Muszyński 1) and the others refused to vote. Judge Pszczółkowski argued that the candidates should have been chosen by 15 judges, and the Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights that a separate majority resolution was required and was not adopted. The Tribunal stated in its 2017 report that some judges not voting did not affect validity.125,102,94,117

    leadership

  182. 21 December 2016

    European Commission issues second rule-of-law recommendation (C(2016) 8950)

    The Commission found that three judges elected – properly, in its view – in October 2015 had not taken office, that three persons elected without a valid legal basis had been allowed to adjudicate, and that the procedure for selecting the President of the Tribunal and the acting-president arrangement were seriously flawed. It recommended full implementation of the December 2015 judgments, publication of the judgments of 9 March and 11 August 2016 and not appointing a new President before their publication and before the judges elected in October 2015 took office; it set a two-month deadline.115

    Europefinding of a public body

  183. 21 December 2016

    President appoints Julia Przyłębska as President of the Tribunal

    By decision No. 1131.25.2016 (M.P. 2016 item 1237) President Andrzej Duda appointed Julia Przyłębska as President of the Tribunal from the two candidates whose General Assembly resolution reached his Chancellery on the evening of 20 December; according to rp.pl this happened around noon. Duda said the Tribunal should return to „należną mu pozycję” ("its rightful position").109,127

    leadership

  184. 29 December 2016

    15 pending Tribunal rulings published; three still unpublished

    According to Wikipedia, 15 pending Tribunal rulings were published on 29 December 2016 (Dz.U. 2016 items 2196–2210). Three remained unpublished, including judgment K 47/15.94

    publication

  185. 2017
  186. January 2017

    Prosecutor General’s motion leads to recusal of Zubik, Tuleja and Rymar in two cases

    According to the Helsinki Foundation, a motion by the Prosecutor General in January 2017 led to judges Marek Zubik, Piotr Tuleja and Stanisław Rymar being excluded from two full-bench cases (Kp 1/17 and Kp 4/15). The decisions were issued by Henryk Cioch, Mariusz Muszyński and Grzegorz Jędrejek.126

    ruling

  187. 9 January 2017

    Tribunal President sends Vice-President Stanisław Biernat on compulsory leave

    According to OKO.press, President of the Tribunal Julia Przyłębska, citing the Labour Code, sent Vice-President Stanisław Biernat on annual leave from 9 January to 31 March and then from 1 April to 26 June 2017, i.e. until the end of his term. Biernat disputed how the leave was calculated; according to the Helsinki Foundation, the leave excluded him from, among others, the bench in case Kp 1/17.128,126

    leadership

  188. 11 January 2017

    Prosecutor General challenges 2010 resolutions electing three judges (U 1/17)

    According to Wikipedia, Zbigniew Ziobro, as Prosecutor General, challenged before the Tribunal the Sejm resolutions of 2010 electing Stanisław Rymar, Piotr Tuleja and Marek Zubik. The Tribunal discontinued those proceedings on 12 March 2020.94

    ruling

  189. 24 January 2017

    Andrzej Wróbel appointed to the Supreme Court

    According to Forsal, after the National Council of the Judiciary agreed on 11 January 2017 to judge Andrzej Wróbel’s return to the Supreme Court, the President appointed him to the Supreme Court on 24 January 2017.124

    term

  190. February 2017

    Tribunal General Assembly declares Andrzej Wróbel’s mandate expired

    According to Forsal, the Tribunal’s General Assembly declared Andrzej Wróbel’s mandate expired in early February 2017; according to Gazeta Prawna headlines, 10 judges took part and 4 raised objections. The exact date of the resolution has not been established.124,129

    term

  191. 24 February 2017
    11:50 CET

    Sejm elects Grzegorz Jędrejek as a Tribunal judge

    After adding the item to its agenda (232 for, 194 against), the Sejm elected Grzegorz Jędrejek to the seat left by Andrzej Wróbel: 234 for, 154 against, 26 abstentions, 46 not voting. According to Forsal the candidate was nominated by PiS; the resolution was published as M.P. 2017 item 224.130,131,124

    election

  192. 27 February 2017

    Grzegorz Jędrejek takes the oath before the President

    According to the Helsinki Foundation, Grzegorz Jędrejek took the oath on 27 February 2017, three days after his election.126,23

    oath

  193. 16 March 2017

    Ruling Kp 1/17 with Cioch, Morawski and Muszyński on the bench

    According to the Helsinki Foundation, in case Kp 1/17 (ruling of 16 March 2017, M.P. 2017 item 265), heard by the full bench, Mariusz Muszyński was the rapporteur and Henryk Cioch and Lech Morawski sat on the bench. Vice-President Biernat (on compulsory leave) and the recused judges Zubik, Tuleja and Rymar did not sit; the notes do not state the subject of the case.126

    ruling

  194. 8 June 2017
    23:51 CET

    Sejm elects Andrzej Zielonacki as a Tribunal judge

    The Sejm elected Andrzej Zielonacki (227 for, 175 against, 4 abstentions, 54 not voting) to the seat of Stanisław Biernat, whose term was ending on 26 June 2017; according to rp.pl the candidate was nominated by PiS. The resolution was published as M.P. 2017 item 610; the date of the oath has not been confirmed.132,131,133

    election

  195. 26 June 2017

    Term of Tribunal Vice-President Stanisław Biernat ends

    According to rp.pl and English-language Wikipedia, Stanisław Biernat’s term as judge and Vice-President of the Tribunal ended on 26 June 2017; he spent its last months on the leave ordered by the Tribunal’s President.133,101

    termleadership

  196. 5 July 2017

    President appoints Mariusz Muszyński as Vice-President of the Tribunal

    The President’s decision No. 1131.10.2017 of 5 July 2017 appointing the Vice-President of the Tribunal was published on 10 July as M.P. 2017 item 684; the appointee’s name comes from the Helsinki Foundation and the press, as the act’s title in the ELI database does not include it. According to English-language Wikipedia, Muszyński held the post until 5 July 2023.131,126,23

    leadership

  197. 5 July 2017

    Tribunal discontinues the constitutional complaint of Xero Flor

    A five-judge bench with Mariusz Muszyński as rapporteur discontinued, by 3 votes to 2, the proceedings on Xero Flor’s constitutional complaint filed on 15 April 2015; Piotr Tuleja wrote a dissent pointing to Muszyński’s election to an already filled seat. The European Court of Human Rights assessed the bench of this decision in its Xero Flor judgment of 7 May 2021.134,135

    rulingcourt finding

  198. 12 July 2017

    Lech Morawski dies

    According to Wikipedia, Lech Morawski died on 12 July 2017; he was one of the three persons elected on 2 December 2015 to seats the Tribunal in judgment K 34/15 had held to be already filled.94

    term

  199. 26 July 2017

    European Commission issues third rule-of-law recommendation (date unverified) unverified

    According to the notes, the Commission issued its third recommendation on the rule of law in Poland on 26 July 2017. The date and content were not verified in the Official Journal of the EU.136,82

    Europeunverified

  200. 27 July 2017

    General Assembly adopts new Rules of the Tribunal

    The General Assembly of Tribunal judges adopted new Rules of the Constitutional Tribunal, published as M.P. 2017 item 767.131

    resolution

  201. 15 September 2017
    09:45 CET

    Sejm elects Justyn Piskorski to Lech Morawski’s seat

    The Sejm elected Justyn Piskorski: 248 for, 3 against, 18 abstentions, with 191 not voting (the opposition did not take part); the resolution was published as M.P. 2017 item 873. According to Wikipedia he was the only candidate and was nominated by PiS, but the formal nominating body has not been confirmed in documents.137,131,91,94,138

    election

  202. 24 October 2017

    Judgment K 1/17 with Muszyński and Cioch on the bench

    According to Wikipedia and the Helsinki Foundation, a five-judge bench including Mariusz Muszyński and Henryk Cioch, despite the Ombudsman’s motion to exclude them, delivered judgment K 1/17; Leon Kieres dissented. The subject and holding have not been confirmed in a primary source (a Forsal headline links the case to the Prosecutor General’s motion on the election of three judges in 2010).94,126,139

    ruling

  203. November 2017

    Tribunal leadership presents a new view of the 2015 elections of judges

    The speech opening the formal General Assembly (report on the Tribunal’s activity in 2016) set out the position that the election procedure of 8 October 2015 „nie została sfinalizowana” ("was not finalised") and that judgment K 34/15 concerned only a provision, not the persons elected. This position is the reverse of the Tribunal’s communiqué of 29 February 2016, issued under Andrzej Rzepliński’s presidency.102

    statementparticipant's claim

  204. 20 December 2017

    Henryk Cioch dies

    According to Wikipedia, Henryk Cioch died on 20 December 2017; he had been elected on 2 December 2015 to a seat the Tribunal in judgment K 34/15 had held to be already filled. The Helsinki Foundation still lists him as rapporteur in a case decided on 19 December 2017.94,126

    term

  205. 20 December 2017

    Commission submits Article 7(1) TEU reasoned proposal on Poland (COM(2017) 835)

    The European Commission submitted to the Council a reasoned proposal under Article 7(1) TEU (procedure 2017/0360(NLE)), citing among other things the absence of independent and legitimate constitutional review; it recommended re-establishing the Tribunal’s independence so that its judges, President and Vice-President are “lawfully elected and appointed”. The same day the Commission issued a fourth recommendation (C(2017) 9050).140,141,142

    Europe

  206. 2018
  207. 26 January 2018
    11:51 CET

    Sejm elects Jarosław Wyrembak to Henryk Cioch’s seat

    The Sejm elected Jarosław Wyrembak: 228 for, 25 against, 2 abstentions, with 205 not voting; the resolution was published as M.P. 2018 item 134. According to Wikipedia, PiS and the Wolni i Solidarni club voted for; the formal nominating body has not been confirmed.143,91,94

    election

  208. 30 January 2018

    Start of Jarosław Wyrembak’s term

    According to English-language Wikipedia, Jarosław Wyrembak’s term began on 30 January 2018. The date of his oath before the President has not been confirmed in a primary document.23

    term

  209. 22 March 2018

    PiS tables a bill on publishing the 2016 Tribunal judgments

    According to Wikipedia, on 22 March 2018 PiS tabled in the Sejm a bill enabling publication of the unpublished Tribunal judgments of 2016.94

    legislationpublication

  210. 12 April 2018

    Sejm passes the act on publishing the 2016 judgments

    According to Wikipedia, the Sejm passed the act on 12 April 2018. Its Journal of Laws reference has not been established.94

    legislationpublication

  211. 2 May 2018

    President signs the act on publishing the 2016 judgments

    According to Wikipedia, the President signed the act on 2 May 2018 and it entered into force on 23 May 2018.94

    legislation

  212. 29 May 2018

    President Przyłębska orders publication of K 47/15, K 39/16 and K 44/16

    According to Wikipedia, on 29 May 2018 President of the Tribunal Julia Przyłębska ordered publication of the three 2016 judgments that the government had not published.94

    publicationleadership

  213. 5 June 2018

    Judgments K 47/15 and K 39/16 published with a note alleging a breach

    The Prime Minister published judgments K 47/15 (Dz.U. 2018 item 1077) and K 39/16 (item 1078) with headers stating that they had been issued in breach of the Act of 25 June 2015 and concerned acts no longer in force. This came more than two years after K 47/15 was delivered; the publication reference of judgment K 44/16 has not been confirmed.105,116

    publication

  214. 20 June 2018

    Warsaw administrative court: Muszyński not entitled to adjudicate in the Tribunal

    According to rp.pl, the Regional Administrative Court in Warsaw held in its judgment of 20 June 2018 (V SA/Wa 459/18) that Mariusz Muszyński was a person not entitled to adjudicate in the Tribunal and reopened proceedings, pointing to his participation in the bench in case SK 37/15 (ruling of 20 December 2017). Whether the judgment became final, and what happened next, has not been established.144

    rulingcourt finding

  215. 2019
  216. 25 March 2019

    Judgment K 12/18: Sejm election of judge-members of the KRS held constitutional

    According to Wikipedia, the Tribunal held that the election of the 15 judge-members of the National Council of the Judiciary by the Sejm is consistent with the Constitution. Justyn Piskorski’s participation in the bench was criticised.94

    rulingcourt finding

  217. 8 April 2019

    Start of Wojciech Sych’s term

    According to English-language Wikipedia, the term of Wojciech Sych, elected by the Sejm in 2019 with 228 votes, began on 8 April 2019. The exact election date, the nominating body and whose seat he took have not been confirmed.23

    term

  218. 21 November 2019

    Sejm elects Pawłowicz, Piotrowicz and Stelina as Tribunal judges

    In a vote after 23:00 the Sejm elected Krystyna Pawłowicz, Stanisław Piotrowicz (230 for) and Jakub Stelina (233 for) with the votes of PiS MPs, the opposition voting against. According to OKO.press, the opposition and experts (Prof. Chmaj, Prof. Matczak) argued that Pawłowicz and Piotrowicz were over 65, while PiS dismissed those opinions as political.145,23

    election

  219. 5 December 2019

    Terms of Pawłowicz, Piotrowicz and Stelina begin

    According to English-language Wikipedia, the terms of Krystyna Pawłowicz, Stanisław Piotrowicz and Jakub Stelina began on 5 December 2019. The notes do not match each of them individually to the seats of judges Zubik, Tuleja and Rymar, and the oath dates have not been confirmed in primary documents.23

    term

  220. 2020
  221. 7 January 2020

    Start of Rafał Wojciechowski’s term

    According to English-language Wikipedia, the term of Rafał Wojciechowski, elected with 239 votes, began on 7 January 2020. The election date, the nominating body and whose seat he took have not been confirmed.23

    term

  222. 19 January 2020

    Tribunal judge Grzegorz Jędrejek dies

    According to English-language Wikipedia, Grzegorz Jędrejek died on 19 January 2020, during the term that began on 27 February 2017.23,146

    term

  223. 12 March 2020

    Tribunal discontinues U 1/17 on the 2010 election of three judges

    According to Wikipedia, the Tribunal discontinued the proceedings on the Prosecutor General’s motion of 11 January 2017 concerning the Sejm resolutions of 2010 electing Stanisław Rymar, Piotr Tuleja and Marek Zubik. Leon Kieres, Piotr Pszczółkowski and Jarosław Wyrembak dissented.94

    rulingcourt finding

  224. 6 April 2020

    Sejm elects Bartłomiej Sochański as a Tribunal judge

    The Sejm elected Bartłomiej Sochański (234 votes for) on the nomination of the PiS club; according to Demagog, relying on electoral commission data, he is a PiS member and was its candidate for mayor of Szczecin in 2018. Whose seat he took has not been confirmed in the Sejm resolution.21,23

    election

  225. 9 April 2020

    Start of Bartłomiej Sochański’s term

    According to English-language Wikipedia, Bartłomiej Sochański’s term began on 9 April 2020, three days after his election.23

    term

  226. 20 April 2020

    Judgment U 2/20 on the resolution of the joint chambers of the Supreme Court

    According to Wikipedia, the Tribunal held the resolution of the joint chambers of the Supreme Court of 23 January 2020 unconstitutional; Leon Kieres dissented. The bench, the reference of the Supreme Court resolution and the publication of the judgment have not been confirmed.94

    rulingcourt finding

  227. 21 April 2020

    Decision Kpt 1/20 in a competence dispute (unverified) unverified

    The notes mention a Tribunal decision of 21 April 2020 in case Kpt 1/20 – a competence dispute between the Sejm and the President on one side and the Supreme Court on the other – but no source was retrieved. Its content, bench and publication remain unconfirmed.147

    rulingunverified

  228. 30 September 2020

    Commission’s 2020 Rule of Law Report – Poland chapter (date unverified) unverified

    According to the notes, the Commission published its 2020 Rule of Law Report on 30 September 2020; the Poland chapters describe the Tribunal under checks and balances. The date and the passages on the Tribunal were neither verified nor analysed.148

    Europeunverified

  229. 22 October 2020

    Judgment K 1/20 on a provision of the Family Planning Act

    A thirteen-judge bench presided over by Julia Przyłębska, including Krystyna Pawłowicz, Mariusz Muszyński, Justyn Piskorski and Jarosław Wyrembak, held by 11 votes to 2 that Art. 4a(1)(2) of the Family Planning Act is unconstitutional. In M.L. v. Poland of 14 December 2023 the European Court of Human Rights found that, because of the bench’s composition, the judgment did not meet the requirements of the rule of law.149

    rulingcourt finding

  230. 1 December 2020

    ECtHR Grand Chamber sets out the “tribunal established by law” test (Ástráðsson)

    In a case on Iceland’s Court of Appeal, the ECtHR Grand Chamber set out a three-step test: a manifest breach of domestic law, concerning a fundamental rule of the appointment procedure, not effectively reviewed and remedied by domestic courts. The Court applied this test to the Polish Tribunal in Xero Flor (2021).150,151

    Europerulingcourt finding

  231. 2021
  232. 27 January 2021

    Judgment K 1/20 published in the Journal of Laws and takes effect

    According to the facts as set out in the ECtHR judgment M.L. v. Poland, judgment K 1/20 was published in the Journal of Laws and took effect on 27 January 2021, more than three months after it was delivered. The notes do not give the item number.149

    publicationcourt finding

  233. 7 May 2021

    ECtHR: Tribunal bench with M. Muszyński was not a “tribunal established by law”

    In Xero Flor w Polsce sp. z o.o. v. Poland the ECtHR found a violation of Article 6 § 1 because the Tribunal bench included Mariusz Muszyński, elected in December 2015 to a seat that the Tribunal had held filled in judgment K 34/15. In judgment K 6/21 of 24 November 2021, on an application by the Prosecutor General, the Tribunal held Article 6(1) of the Convention unconstitutional insofar as it allows the ECtHR to assess the lawfulness of the election of Tribunal judges.135,152,151,153

    Europerulingcourt finding

  234. 14 July 2021

    Tribunal judgment P 7/20 on CJEU interim measures

    On a question of law from the Supreme Court, the Tribunal held that Article 4(3), second sentence, TEU read with Article 279 TFEU is unconstitutional insofar as the CJEU, ultra vires, imposes interim measures concerning the system and functioning of Polish courts. In judgment C-448/23 of 18 December 2025 the CJEU found that this ruling breached EU law.154,155

    rulingEuropecourt finding

  235. 20 July 2021

    Commission’s 2021 Rule of Law Report – Poland chapter (date unverified) unverified

    According to the notes, the Commission published its 2021 Rule of Law Report on 20 July 2021; the Poland chapters describe the Tribunal under checks and balances. The date and the passages on the Tribunal were neither verified nor analysed.156

    Europeunverified

  236. 22 July 2021

    ECtHR: Reczkowicz v. Poland (Supreme Court Disciplinary Chamber) unverified

    According to the notes (not verified in HUDOC), the ECtHR held that the Supreme Court’s Disciplinary Chamber is not a “tribunal established by law”. The judgment is cited in the preamble of Council of Ministers resolution no. 162 of 18 December 2024.157,158

    Europerulingunverified

  237. 23 July 2021

    Leon Kieres’s term ends; seat stays vacant for over six months

    According to OKO.press, the 9-year term of Leon Kieres, the last sitting judge elected before the period of PiS-led government, ended on 23 July 2021. His seat stayed vacant until 16 February 2022.159

    term

  238. 7 October 2021

    Tribunal judgment K 3/21 on selected provisions of the TEU

    On an application by the Prime Minister, the Tribunal held Article 1 and the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU unconstitutional to specified extents, including as regards judicial review of judicial appointments and KRS resolutions. The 12-judge bench included three persons elected to seats held filled in K 34/15; in judgment C-448/23 the CJEU found that this ruling breached EU law.160,155

    rulingEuropecourt finding

  239. 27 October 2021

    CJEU imposes EUR 1 million daily penalty on Poland (C-204/21 R) unverified

    According to the notes (not verified on curia.europa.eu), the Vice-President of the CJEU imposed on Poland a periodic penalty of EUR 1 million per day for failure to comply with interim measures concerning the Supreme Court’s Disciplinary Chamber. On 21 April 2023 the penalty was reduced to EUR 500,000 per day.161

    Europerulingunverified

  240. 24 November 2021

    Judgment K 6/21 on Article 6(1) ECHR and the Constitutional Tribunal

    On the Prosecutor General’s application, a five-judge bench (presiding Julia Przyłębska, rapporteur Wojciech Sych) held unanimously that Art. 6(1), first sentence, ECHR is unconstitutional in so far as the term „court” covers the Tribunal and in so far as it gives the ECtHR power to assess the lawfulness of the election of Tribunal judges. It followed the ECtHR’s Xero Flor judgment of 7 May 2021; none of the persons elected to seats held filled in K 34/15 sat on the bench.153

    rulingcourt finding

  241. 2022
  242. 8 February 2022

    Sejm elects Bogdan Święczkowski to Leon Kieres’s seat

    After the Justice Committee’s opinion of 7 February (15 to 14), the Sejm elected Bogdan Święczkowski, until then National Prosecutor, by 233 for, 219 against and 2 abstentions, with 228 votes required. According to OKO.press five Konfederacja MPs voted for and Kukiz’15 against; the formal nominating body has not been confirmed.159,162

    election

  243. 16 February 2022

    Start of Bogdan Święczkowski’s term

    According to English-language Wikipedia, Bogdan Święczkowski’s term began on 16 February 2022. According to OKO.press, from this election onwards all Tribunal judges had been elected by the Sejm during the period of PiS-led government.23,159

    term

  244. 10 March 2022

    Judgment K 7/21 on reviewing judiciary laws under Article 6 ECHR unverified

    The Tribunal’s website lists case K 7/21 concerning the review by national or international courts, under Art. 6(1), first sentence, ECHR, of whether laws on the judiciary, court jurisdiction and the National Council of the Judiciary comply with the Constitution and the ECHR. The notes give the date 10 March 2022, but the date, bench, holding and publication have not been verified.163

    rulingunverified

  245. 15 March 2022

    ECtHR Grand Chamber: Grzęda v. Poland (term of a KRS member) unverified

    According to the notes (not verified in HUDOC), the Grand Chamber judgment concerned the premature termination of the term of a member of the National Council of the Judiciary (KRS). The judgment is cited in the preamble of Council of Ministers resolution no. 162 of 18 December 2024.164,158

    Europerulingunverified

  246. 13 July 2022

    Commission’s 2022 Rule of Law Report – Poland chapter (date unverified) unverified

    According to the notes, the Commission published its 2022 Rule of Law Report on 13 July 2022; the Poland chapters describe the Tribunal under checks and balances. The date and the passages on the Tribunal were neither verified nor analysed.165

    Europeunverified

  247. 16 November 2022

    Supreme Administrative Court (III OSK 2528/21) on persons elected to occupied seats

    The Supreme Administrative Court dismissed the cassation appeal of the Chancellery of the Sejm and stated that the Tribunal is “infected with unlawfulness” through the participation of M. Muszyński, J. Piskorski and J. Wyrembak, pointing to the consistency of this assessment with Xero Flor. The year of the ruling is inferred in the notes from the date of a press article (7 December 2022).166

    rulingcourt finding

  248. 20 December 2022

    Dispute over the end of Julia Przyłębska’s 6-year term as Tribunal President

    According to Rzeczpospolita, Prof. Stanisław Biernat, most retired Tribunal judges and experts of the Batory Foundation considered that the President’s 6-year term (Art. 10(2) of the Act of 30 November 2016 on the organisation of, and proceedings before, the Tribunal) ended on 20 December 2022. Julia Przyłębska maintained that her function lasted until the end of her term as a judge (9 December 2024); Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki expressed the same view.167,168,169

    leadershipstatementparticipant's claim

  249. 2023
  250. 2023

    Tribunal full bench stalled: hearings postponed in 2023

    According to headlines in OKO.press, Wprost and Gazeta Prawna, during 2023 the Tribunal repeatedly postponed a full-bench hearing and changed the bench, and deliberations were held by an incomplete bench. A full bench required at least 11 judges (Art. 37(2) of the Act of 30 November 2016), and the dispute over the President’s term held up, among others, case Kp 1/23 on the Act of 13 January 2023 amending the Supreme Court Act.170,171,172,168

    leadershipruling

  251. January 2023

    Judge Jakub Stelina’s letter to the Tribunal President unverified

    According to the headline of a Rzeczpospolita article, judge Jakub Stelina wrote to Julia Przyłębska that „kadencja Pani jako Prezesa już wygasła” ("your term as President has already expired"). The letter itself was not read, and its date (probably January 2023) has not been confirmed.173

    leadershipstatement

  252. 4 January 2023

    Six judges demand a General Assembly to nominate candidates for President

    Rzeczpospolita reported on 4 January 2023 that judges Wojciech Sych, Jakub Stelina, Mariusz Muszyński, Andrzej Zielonacki, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski and Bogdan Święczkowski (more than one third of the bench) had demanded a General Assembly to nominate candidates for President of the Tribunal, sending a copy to the President of the Republic. The exact date of the first letter (late December 2022 or early January 2023) has not been established.167,169

    leadership

  253. 15 February 2023

    Commission decides to take Poland to the CJEU over Tribunal case law

    The European Commission decided to bring Poland before the CJEU over the Tribunal’s case law – the case later registered as C-448/23. The date comes from a Reuters/Malay Mail headline and a Verfassungsblog commentary; according to the Commission, the action was lodged on 17 July 2023.174,175

    Europepress report

  254. 28 February 2023

    Further letter from the six judges on the Tribunal presidency

    According to TVN24, on 28 February 2023 the six judges disputing Julia Przyłębska’s continued tenure as President sent a further letter, the day before the General Assembly she had convened.169

    leadership

  255. 1 March 2023

    President Duda says the Tribunal is „internally divided”

    According to TVN24, President Andrzej Duda described the Tribunal as „wewnętrznie skłócony” ("internally divided") in the context of the dispute over the Tribunal President’s term.169

    statementparticipant's claim

  256. 1 March 2023

    Tribunal General Assembly: no grounds to nominate candidates for President

    The General Assembly convened by Julia Przyłębska, with two thirds of the judges present and by absolute majority, resolved that there were no legal or factual grounds for convening the Assembly to choose candidates for President, noting that it had not been convened under Art. 11(3) of the Act of 30 November 2016. Przyłębska maintained that her function lasted until 9 December 2024.169

    leadershipresolution

  257. 5 July 2023

    Commission’s 2023 Rule of Law Report – Poland chapter (date unverified) unverified

    According to the notes, the Commission published its 2023 Rule of Law Report on 5 July 2023; the Poland chapters describe the Tribunal under checks and balances. The date and the passages on the Tribunal were neither verified nor analysed.176

    Europeunverified

  258. 5 July 2023

    Mariusz Muszyński’s tenure as Tribunal Vice-President ends

    According to English-language Wikipedia, Mariusz Muszyński served as Vice-President of the Tribunal until 5 July 2023, after which the post stayed vacant until 21 February 2025. The notes do not identify a document formally ending his tenure.23

    leadership

  259. 17 July 2023

    Commission’s action against Poland concerning the Tribunal lodged with the CJEU (C-448/23)

    According to the Commission’s 2024 Rule of Law Report, the Commission’s action in case C-448/23 – concerning the Tribunal’s judgments P 7/20 and K 3/21 and the Tribunal’s status – was lodged with the CJEU on 17 July 2023.175

    Europefinding of a public body

  260. 23 November 2023

    ECtHR: pilot judgment in Wałęsa v. Poland unverified

    According to the notes, the ECtHR delivered a pilot judgment concerning the Supreme Court’s Extraordinary Control Chamber (according to M. Szwed – the KRS); the deadline under the pilot procedure was extended by one year in November 2024. The application number and details were not verified in HUDOC.177,158,178

    Europerulingunverified

  261. December 2023

    CoE Committee of Ministers calls for a lawfully composed Tribunal

    At its 1483rd (DH) meeting, supervising execution of the Xero Flor judgment, the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers expressed “deep regret” at the lack of analysis of restitutio in integrum options. It called for admitting the judges elected in October 2015, excluding persons whose election it considered irregular, regulating the status of decisions taken with their participation and shielding future elections from influence (according to the Secretariat notes CM/Notes/1507).179

    Europe

  262. 11 December 2023

    Tribunal rules in cases K 8/21 and Kp 1/23

    According to the European Commission's 2024 Rule of Law Report, on 11 December 2023 the Tribunal ruled in cases K 8/21 (concerning Art. 279 TFEU) and Kp 1/23. The notes give neither the operative parts nor the benches.175

    rulingfinding of a public body

  263. 11 December 2023

    Judgment Kp 1/23 on the amendment to the Supreme Court Act

    An eleven-judge bench – the minimum for a full bench – presided over by Julia Przyłębska (rapporteur Bartłomiej Sochański) held, on the President’s application for preventive review, that the challenged provisions of the Act of 13 January 2023 amending the Supreme Court Act are unconstitutional and inseparable from the whole Act. Of the six judges disputing the President’s continued tenure, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski and Bogdan Święczkowski sat on the bench; Piotr Pszczółkowski dissented.180,181

    rulingcourt finding

  264. 13 December 2023

    Government starts publishing TK rulings with an annotation on the bench

    According to the European Commission's 2024 report, from 13 December 2023 the government published Tribunal rulings with an explanation where they had been issued by a bench it considered improperly composed. OKO.press describes this as an asterisk referring to ECtHR case law on rulings involving persons elected to seats held filled in K 34/15.175,182

    publicationfinding of a public body

  265. 14 December 2023

    ECtHR: M.L. v. Poland – judgment K 1/20 did not meet rule-of-law requirements

    The ECtHR found a violation of Article 8: the Tribunal’s judgment K 1/20 (abortion) was delivered by a bench including M. Muszyński, J. Piskorski and J. Wyrembak, so it did not meet the requirements of the rule of law and the interference was not “prescribed by law”. The Court applied the Xero Flor assessment also to Piskorski and Wyrembak, elected in 2017 and 2018 (§ 173).149

    Europerulingcourt finding

  266. 2024
  267. 15 January 2024

    Tribunal issues interim decision Ts 9/24 on the National Prosecutor

    According to the European Commission's 2024 report, on 15 January 2024 the Tribunal issued an interim decision in case Ts 9/24 concerning the National Prosecutor. The notes do not give its content or bench.175

    rulingfinding of a public body

  268. February 2024

    Minister Bodnar presents an action plan covering the Tribunal to the EU Council

    Minister of Justice Adam Bodnar presented to the General Affairs Council an action plan covering reforms of the KRS, the Supreme Court and the Tribunal and the separation of the offices of Minister of Justice and Prosecutor General. The exact date (20 February 2024) was not verified.183

    Europe

  269. March 2024

    Coalition senators table a constitutional amendment on the Tribunal

    According to Forsal, in early March 2024 senators of the governing coalition tabled a constitutional amendment providing, among other things, for diffuse constitutional review by the courts, a four-year cooling-off period for politicians and a three-year term for the Tribunal's President. The bill's later fate and print number have not been established.184

    legislation

  270. March 2024

    Government stops publishing all Tribunal rulings

    According to the European Commission's 2024 and 2025 reports, after the Sejm resolution of 6 March 2024 the government stopped publishing all Tribunal rulings in the Journal of Laws, considering the Tribunal not legitimate. The Sejm and the government also stopped taking part in Tribunal proceedings.175,185

    publicationfinding of a public body

  271. 6 March 2024

    Sejm adopts resolution on “removing the effects of the constitutional crisis” (240–197)

    The 10th-term Sejm adopted a resolution (print 226) by 240 votes to 197 with no abstentions, stating that 10 resolutions electing Tribunal judges in 2015–2018 lack legal force and that Mariusz Muszyński, Justyn Piskorski and Jarosław Wyrembak are not Tribunal judges. The resolution also disputes Julia Przyłębska's status as President of the Tribunal and calls on the Tribunal's judges to resign.186,187

    resolution

  272. 6 March 2024

    MPs' bills on the Tribunal and its implementing provisions reach the Sejm

    On 6 March 2024 MPs' bills on the Constitutional Tribunal (print 253) and on its implementing provisions (print 254) were lodged in the Sejm. The European Commission writes that the government submitted them, but Sejm records show them as MPs' bills.188,189,175

    legislation

  273. 7 March 2024

    Government and PiS comment on the effects of the Sejm resolution of 6 March 2024

    According to OKO.press, Maciej Berek, chair of the Council of Ministers' Standing Committee, said that from the date of the resolution state bodies should in practice disregard Tribunal rulings and that the government would consider publication with an asterisk or another approach. Jarosław Kaczyński (PiS) considers that the resolution has no legal effect and called it a “comedy”.182

    statementpoliticsparticipant's claim

  274. 11 March 2024

    Sejm resolution of 6 March 2024 published in Monitor Polski (item 198)

    The resolution on removing the effects of the 2015–2023 constitutional crisis in the context of the Tribunal's activity, signed by Marshal S. Hołownia, was published on 11 March 2024 as M.P. 2024 item 198. The European Commission notes that the resolution is not legally binding.187,175

    publicationresolution

  275. 26 April 2024

    First reading of the Tribunal bills; motion to reject fails

    At the Sejm's 10th sitting the bills in prints 253 and 254 had their first reading. Motions to reject both bills failed (194 for, 233 against in each vote).188,189

    legislation

  276. 2 May 2024

    Senate announces work on a constitutional amendment on the Tribunal

    On 2 May 2024 Senator Krzysztof Kwiatkowski announced that the Senate was starting work on the constitutional amendment concerning the Tribunal (Forsal). According to TVN24, on 24 July 2024 the bill was still in the Senate after a public hearing, with work announced for the autumn.184,190

    legislation

  277. 6 May 2024

    Ombudsman begins withdrawing applications and participation before the Tribunal

    In 2024–2026 the Ombudsman sent the Tribunal numerous letters withdrawing applications or participation in proceedings (including 6 and 10 May, 10 June and 24 September 2024, 30 October 2025 and 20 January 2026). The researchers did not read the letters' contents.191

    statement

  278. 28 May 2024

    Government Legislation Centre has published no Tribunal ruling since March 2024

    OKO.press reported on 28 May 2024 that since the Sejm resolution of 6 March 2024 the Government Legislation Centre (RCL) had published no Tribunal ruling; the RCL said that “legal analyses are ongoing”.192

    publication

  279. 28 May 2024

    Tribunal holds the Sejm resolution of 6 March 2024 unconstitutional (U 5/24)

    On an application by a group of MPs, the Tribunal unanimously held that the Sejm resolution of 6 March 2024 is incompatible with Art. 7 read with Art. 87(1) and Art. 10 read with Arts. 173 and 190(1) of the Constitution, discontinuing the rest. According to OKO.press, the Tribunal said that relying on the resolution may entail constitutional, criminal or disciplinary liability; the judgment has not been published.193,192,175

    rulingcourt finding

  280. 29 May 2024

    Commission closes the Article 7(1) TEU procedure on Poland

    The European Commission closed the Article 7(1) TEU procedure opened in December 2017, finding that there was no longer a clear risk of a serious breach of the rule of law; on 22 May 2024 the member states supported this step, with Hungary objecting. The Commission noted that not all reforms had been implemented; Human Rights Watch and FIDH described the closure as premature.194,195,196,183,197,198

    Europefinding of a public body

  281. 23 July 2024

    Second reading of the Tribunal bills

    Following committee reports of 16 July 2024 (print 543, rapporteur Patryk Jaskulski; print 544, rapporteur Dominik Jaśkowiec), the Sejm held the second reading of both bills on 23 July 2024.188,189

    legislation

  282. 24 July 2024

    Commission’s 2024 Rule of Law Report – Poland chapter

    The Poland chapter (SWD(2024) 821) notes, among other things, the ECtHR’s M.L. judgment, the Sejm resolution of 6 March 2024 on the Tribunal (not legally binding, according to the Commission) and the government’s halt to publishing all Tribunal rulings after that resolution. The Commission made no Tribunal-specific recommendation.175,199

    Europefinding of a public body

  283. 24 July 2024

    Sejm passes the Tribunal Act (242–202) and its implementing act (242–200)

    At third reading the Sejm passed the Tribunal Act (242 for, 202 against) and the implementing act (242 for, 200 against). According to TVN24 and the European Commission, the acts provided among other things for electing judges by a three-fifths majority, for the longest-serving judge to take over the President's duties, and for rulings involving “persons not authorised to adjudicate” to be void.188,189,190,175

    legislation

  284. 31 July 2024

    Senate amends the Tribunal acts

    The Senate adopted a position with amendments to both acts (prints 590 and 591); the document dates the Senate resolution to 1 August 2024, delivered on 2 August. The Senate vote counts have not been established.200,188,189

    legislation

  285. 3 September 2024

    Minister of Justice asks the Venice Commission for an opinion on the Tribunal reform

    Adam Bodnar asked the Venice Commission for an opinion on the draft constitutional amendment concerning the Tribunal and on the draft Tribunal Act and implementing provisions (documents CDL-REF(2024)037 and CDL-REF(2024)038).201,202,203

    Europe

  286. 10 September 2024

    Tribunal holds a Sejm inquiry-committee resolution unconstitutional (U 4/24)

    According to the European Commission's 2025 report, the Tribunal held unconstitutional the resolution setting up one of the Sejm's inquiry committees (scope too broad, deadline too short). The judgment has not been published.185

    rulingpublicationcourt finding

  287. 13 September 2024

    Sejm votes on Senate amendments; Tribunal acts go to the President

    On 13 September 2024 the Sejm accepted some of the Senate's amendments to the Tribunal Act and the amendments to the implementing act, completing their passage (hence “the acts of 13 September 2024”). They were sent to the President on 16 September.188,189,204

    legislation

  288. 17 September 2024

    CoE CM Secretariat: Polish drafts “appear to respond overall” to Xero Flor concerns

    In notes for the Committee of Ministers’ 1507th DH meeting (17–19 September 2024; these are not adopted decisions) the Secretariat considered that the Polish drafts “appear to respond overall” to earlier concerns. It noted, among other things, that two judges elected in 2017 to seats vacated by the deaths of persons elected in December 2015 to seats held filled in K 34/15 needed to be excluded, and listed as “relevant” solutions such as a higher majority for elections and a 14-day deadline for the President to take the oath.179

    Europe

  289. 7 October 2024

    President Duda refers both Tribunal acts to the Tribunal (preventive review)

    President Andrzej Duda referred the Tribunal Act and its implementing act to the Tribunal under Art. 122(3) of the Constitution; the applications were joined as case Kp 3/24. According to Notes from Poland, the President said that “everything indicates” the acts are unconstitutional.188,189,205

    legislation

  290. 16 October 2024

    Tribunal: dismissing court presidents without a KRS opinion unconstitutional (K 2/24)

    According to the European Commission's 2025 report, the Tribunal held the dismissals of presidents of ordinary courts unconstitutional for lack of a binding opinion of the National Council of the Judiciary (KRS). The notes do not individually confirm whether it was published.185

    rulingcourt finding

  291. 6 November 2024

    Tribunal holds a second inquiry-committee resolution unconstitutional (U 2/24)

    According to the European Commission's 2025 report, the Tribunal held unconstitutional the resolution establishing another Sejm inquiry committee (scope too broad, deadline too short). The judgment has not been published.185

    rulingpublicationcourt finding

  292. 16 November 2024

    No candidates filed for the Tribunal seats falling vacant in December

    Rzeczpospolita reported that the deadline for nominating candidates for the seats falling vacant on 3 and 9 December 2024 passed with no nominations, including from PiS; Marek Ast (PiS) said that without a Sejm majority candidates would have no chance. Marshal S. Hołownia considered not electing successors more likely if the acts were vetoed.206,207

    electionpolitics

  293. 29 November 2024

    Julia Przyłębska resigns as President of the Tribunal

    According to en.wikipedia, Julia Przyłębska's presidency ended on 29 November 2024; according to TVN24 she signalled her resignation at the General Assembly on the Thursday before. Gazeta Wyborcza reported it on the Friday and the Tribunal confirmed it on 2 December.23,208,207

    leadership

  294. December 2024

    Headline: Prime Minister does not publish the decision on the new Tribunal President unverified

    Bankier.pl ran a headline saying the Prime Minister was not publishing the decision on the new Tribunal President. The page was unavailable; its content, date and any M.P. number are unverified.209

    publicationleadershipunverified

  295. 2 December 2024

    Przyłębska, as “judge directing the Tribunal's work”, oversees the choice of successor

    After the resignation was confirmed, the Tribunal's website presented Julia Przyłębska as the “judge directing the Tribunal's work”, overseeing as the longest-serving judge the selection of candidates for President. The Ministry of Justice maintains she was never a legitimate President, as she took office without the required General Assembly resolution and her six-year term ended in December 2022.207

    leadershipstatement

  296. 3 December 2024

    Terms of Mariusz Muszyński and Piotr Pszczółkowski end

    On 3 December 2024 the nine-year terms of Mariusz Muszyński and Piotr Pszczółkowski expired; the Sejm elected no successors. Thirteen persons remained at the Tribunal.23,208,207

    election

  297. 6 December 2024

    Sejm passes 2025 budget with zero for serving Tribunal judges' salaries

    According to OKO.press, in the 2025 budget act the Sejm cut the Tribunal's request (PLN 63.4m) by PLN 10.8m and entered zero in the line for serving judges' salaries; similar cuts affected the KRS and the Supreme Court. Headlines in TVP Info and money.pl say President Duda signed the budget but referred part of it to the Tribunal; the date of that decision is unverified.210,211,212

    budget

  298. 6 December 2024

    Tribunal General Assembly nominates Sochański and Święczkowski for President

    The Tribunal's General Assembly selected two of four nominees: Bartłomiej Sochański and Bogdan Święczkowski. According to Gazeta Wyborcza (via OKO.press), 13 persons voted, with 6 votes for Sochański and 4 for Święczkowski; the European Commission notes that the Tribunal did not say whether persons elected to seats held filled in K 34/15 took part.213,214,185

    leadership

  299. 6 December 2024

    Venice Commission adopts Opinion CDL-AD(2024)035 on the draft Tribunal reform

    At its 141st plenary session (6–7 December 2024) the Venice Commission adopted an opinion on the draft constitutional amendment and Tribunal laws. According to Deputy Minister D. Mazur, it opposed ending the terms of all judges, recommended ending by statute the terms of persons elected to occupied seats, and recommended publishing the Tribunal’s judgments, possibly with an annotation.215,216

    Europefinding of a public body

  300. 9 December 2024

    Ministry of Justice comments on the new Tribunal President and the vacancies

    According to TVN24, Deputy Minister A. Myrcha said one candidate was “a friend of Zbigniew Ziobro” and the other a former PiS councillor, and that the Tribunal had long ceased to perform its role. Minister Adam Bodnar considers that filling the vacancies would legitimise the Tribunal's questionable functioning.217

    statementparticipant's claim

  301. 9 December 2024

    President Duda appoints Bogdan Święczkowski President of the Tribunal

    The appointment of Bogdan Święczkowski, the candidate with fewer General Assembly votes (according to GW), was announced on 9 December 2024 (TVN24, OKO.press). The European Commission's 2025 report gives 7 December 2024; the text of the President's decision has not been found.217,214,185

    leadership

  302. 9 December 2024

    Julia Przyłębska's term as judge ends

    On 9 December 2024 Julia Przyłębska's nine-year term as a Tribunal judge expired; the Sejm elected no successor. Twelve persons remained at the Tribunal.23,208,207

    election

  303. 18 December 2024

    Council of Ministers adopts Resolution No. 162 (M.P. 2024 item 1068)

    The resolution on counteracting the negative effects of the constitutional crisis in the judiciary states, citing the Sejm resolution of 6 March 2024, that the Tribunal in its current composition cannot perform its tasks under Arts. 188–189 of the Constitution. Its § 1(5) provides that publishing “documents issued by an unauthorised body” is not permissible; for acts of the KRS and the Supreme Court it recommends an annotation.158,185

    resolutionpublicationfinding of a public body

  304. 2025
  305. February 2025

    Tribunal President files a criminal complaint against the Prime Minister and ministers

    According to Notes from Poland, around 5 February 2025 Tribunal President Bogdan Święczkowski filed with Deputy Prosecutor General Michał Ostrowski a complaint accusing Prime Minister Tusk, Minister Adam Bodnar and others of acting as an “organised criminal group” seeking to change the constitutional order; Notes from Poland describes it as a complaint alleging a government-led “coup d'état”. The legal qualification and the complaint's fate are unverified; no court has ruled.218

    prosecution

  306. 11 February 2025

    Minister Bodnar suspends prosecutor Michał Ostrowski

    According to Notes from Poland, prosecutor Ostrowski questioned 10 witnesses in connection with the Tribunal President's complaint (including Morawiecki and First President of the Supreme Court M. Manowska) without registering proceedings. On 11 February 2025 Prosecutor General Adam Bodnar suspended him (reportedly for six months) and opened disciplinary proceedings; the notes do not record their outcome.218

    prosecutiondisciplinary

  307. 21 February 2025

    Bartłomiej Sochański becomes Vice-President of the Tribunal

    The European Commission states that a new Vice-President of the Tribunal was appointed in February 2025; since then Bartłomiej Sochański has acted in that role, including in judgment Kp 3/24. The exact date of 21 February 2025 comes only from en.wikipedia; the President's decision has not been found.185,23,219

    leadership

  308. 11 March 2025

    CJEU Advocate General finds the Commission’s action on the Tribunal well founded

    The Advocate General found the Commission’s action in C-448/23 well founded; according to a Notes from Poland headline, the Advocate General found that the Tribunal was leading a “frontal attack” on the EU legal order. The President of the Tribunal, Bogdan Święczkowski, criticised the Polish government’s support for the Commission’s action (according to the Commission’s 2025 Report).220,221,185

    Europefinding of a public body

  309. 2 April 2025

    First Tribunal hearing in case Kp 3/24 (Tribunal acts)

    The full Tribunal held a hearing on 2 April 2025 on the President's joined applications concerning the 2024 Tribunal acts; a further hearing took place on 29 July 2025.222

    rulingcourt finding

  310. 28 April 2025

    Zbigniew Jędrzejewski's term ends

    On 28 April 2025 Zbigniew Jędrzejewski's nine-year term expired (date per en.wikipedia); the Sejm elected no successor. Eleven persons remained at the Tribunal, as confirmed by the European Commission's July 2025 report.23,185

    election

  311. May 2025

    Tribunal delivers K 2/25 on the budget (sources conflict) unverified

    According to a Tribunal letter to the Senate quoted by money.pl, judgment K 2/25 of 6 May 2025 concerned Tribunal judges' salaries; the European Commission gives 10 May 2025 and describes it as holding the cut to the KRS budget unconstitutional. The date and scope remain unverified.223,185

    rulingbudgetcourt finding

  312. 1 June 2025

    Karol Nawrocki wins the presidential run-off

    In the run-off Karol Nawrocki received 10,606,877 votes (50.89%) and Trzaskowski 10,237,286 (49.11%), according to en.wikipedia (a secondary source). The notes contain no dated statements by Nawrocki on the Tribunal in 2025.224

    politics

  313. 10 June 2025

    Tribunal rules on TFEU energy provisions in a specific interpretation (K 10/24)

    According to the European Commission's 2025 report, the Tribunal held Art. 191(1) read with Art. 192 TFEU unconstitutional in an interpretation limiting unanimity in the Council on energy sources.185

    rulingcourt finding

  314. 8 July 2025

    Commission’s 2025 Rule of Law Report – Poland chapter

    The Poland chapter (SWD(2025) 921) notes that the Tribunal has 11 judges, the Sejm is not filling vacancies, the government has not published Tribunal judgments since March 2024, and the Tribunal Acts of 13 September 2024 have not entered into force (the case is pending before the Tribunal). The Commission recommended continuing to implement the action plan, including as regards the Tribunal.185

    Europefinding of a public body

  315. 29 July 2025

    Tribunal holds the 2024 Tribunal acts partly unconstitutional (Kp 3/24)

    The full Tribunal of 11 judges (presiding Bogdan Święczkowski, rapporteur Bartłomiej Sochański, three dissents) held selected provisions of both acts unconstitutional and inseparable from the acts as a whole. According to the Tribunal's press release, the President is obliged to refuse to sign them; the acts did not enter into force. The bench included Justyn Piskorski and Jarosław Wyrembak, whom the Sejm resolution of 6 March 2024 does not recognise as Tribunal judges.222,219

    rulinglegislationcourt finding

  316. 6 August 2025

    Karol Nawrocki takes office as President

    Karol Nawrocki took office as President on 6 August 2025 (en.wikipedia). His position on Tribunal judges' oaths was expressed only in 2026, including by the Head of his Chancellery Zbigniew Bogucki on 1 April 2026.224,225

    politics

  317. 30 September 2025

    Prosecutor General Żurek seeks consent to prosecute the Tribunal President

    According to Notes from Poland, Prosecutor General and Justice Minister Waldemar Żurek asked the Tribunal for consent to prosecute Bogdan Święczkowski for exceeding his powers as National Prosecutor in 2020–2021 (ordering analysis of surveillance material on R. Giertych, including material covered by attorney–client privilege). The request relied on findings of the Pegasus team; no court has ruled.226

    prosecution

  318. 15 October 2025

    Tribunal General Assembly refuses consent to prosecute its President

    The Tribunal's General Assembly, chaired by Vice-President Bartłomiej Sochański, refused consent to prosecute Bogdan Święczkowski; he did not vote, the vote count was not disclosed and a communiqué followed on 16 October. Święczkowski called the request a “scandalous political happening”.227

    prosecutionresolutionfinding of a public body

  319. 12 November 2025

    Tribunal rules on the Justice Ministry regulation on case allocation (U 4/25)

    According to the European Commission's 2026 report, on 12 November 2025 the Tribunal ruled in case U 4/25 concerning the Justice Minister's regulation on case allocation; the judgment has not been published. The notes do not give the operative part.228

    rulingpublicationcourt finding

  320. December 2025

    Headline: Marshal Czarzasty announces a vote on “two candidacies” for the Tribunal unverified

    TVP Info reported in a headline that Sejm Marshal Włodzimierz Czarzasty announced a vote on two Tribunal candidacies for January 2026. The article's content was not retrieved; whose candidacies they were is not established.229

    electionunverified

  321. 5 December 2025

    Krystyna Pawłowicz retires before the end of her term

    On 5 December 2025 Krystyna Pawłowicz left the Tribunal by retiring before the end of her term; TVP Info reported five vacancies at the Tribunal. The legal basis of the retirement is unverified.230,225,23

    election

  322. 12 December 2025

    2026 budget: Tribunal enters about PLN 3.7m for judges' back pay

    Money.pl reported that the Tribunal entered about PLN 3.685m in the 2026 draft budget for judges' back pay with interest, citing Art. 16 of the Tribunal Judges' Status Act and judgment K 2/25; the Sejm did not cut the item and the Senate budget committee recommended cutting it. According to money.pl, President Nawrocki had not decided on the budget by mid-December 2025.223

    budget

  323. 18 December 2025

    CJEU (C-448/23): Tribunal does not meet the requirements of a tribunal established by law

    The CJEU upheld the Commission’s action: the Tribunal’s judgments P 7/20 and K 3/21 breached EU law, and because three persons were elected in December 2015 to seats already filled and because of irregularities in the appointment of the Tribunal’s President in December 2016, the Tribunal does not meet the requirements of an independent and impartial tribunal established by law. The Tribunal responded that the CJEU has no jurisdiction and that the judgment does not affect its functioning (according to the Commission’s 2026 Report).231,155,228

    Europerulingcourt finding

  324. 20 December 2025

    Michał Warciński's term ends; nine persons remain at the Tribunal

    On 20 December 2025 Michał Warciński's term expired. According to the count in the notes, on 31 December 2025 nine persons sat on the Tribunal with six vacancies, so the statutory minimum of 11 judges for a full bench could not be met; on the Sejm's and government's view (excluding Justyn Piskorski and Jarosław Wyrembak), seven judges were recognised.225,23,232

    election

  325. 2026
  326. 20 January 2026

    2026 budget act increases the Tribunal's budget

    According to the European Commission's 2026 report, the Tribunal's 2026 budget was increased in the budget act of 20 January 2026. The final amount for the Tribunal is not established in the notes.228

    budgetfinding of a public body

  327. 25 February 2026

    Tribunal delivers SK 68/25; government does not publish it

    According to the European Commission's 2026 report, the government did not publish the Tribunal's judgment of 25 February 2026 in case SK 68/25, in line with its practice of not publishing Tribunal judgments in the Journal of Laws. The notes give neither its subject nor its operative part.228

    rulingpublicationfinding of a public body

  328. 27 February 2026

    Venice Commission: urgent opinion on the draft law on judges appointed in 2018–2025

    The Venice Commission issued urgent joint opinion no. 1238/2025 on the draft law on the status of judges appointed or promoted in 2018–2025; the Commission’s 2026 Report cites it with the date of 12 March 2026. The opinion concerns judges appointed on the motion of the KRS as reconstituted by the Act of 8 December 2017, not the Tribunal directly.233,228

    Europefinding of a public body

  329. 11 March 2026

    Deadline for nominating candidates for six Tribunal seats; Presidium recommends six

    Marshal Włodzimierz Czarzasty set 11 March 2026 as the deadline for nominating candidates for the six vacant seats (Art. 30(3)(5) of the Sejm's Rules). According to Polsat News, on Wednesday 11 March the Sejm Presidium announced its recommendation of six candidates; candidates may be nominated by the Presidium or by at least 50 MPs.234,235,232

    election

  330. 12 March 2026

    Justice Committee gives opinions on eight Tribunal candidates

    According to TVN24 and Konkret24, after a roughly five-hour sitting the Justice and Human Rights Committee gave positive opinions on the six Presidium candidates (18 votes in favour each) and on Michał Skwarzyński (6–3–14), and a negative one on the absent Artur Kotowski (5–18–0); the opinions are in prints 2344–2351. The Sejm Chancellery reports 7 positive opinions and 1 negative.236,237,238

    electionpress report

  331. 13 March 2026

    Sejm elects Magdalena Bentkowska as Tribunal judge (236–186–4)

    According to OKO.press, the Sejm elected Magdalena Bentkowska (advocate, doctor of law) by 236 votes to 186 with 4 abstentions; the candidacy was put forward by the Sejm Presidium. According to OKO.press she was elected first, and PSL and Polska 2050 supported her candidacy. The election resolution does not specify which vacant seat the person fills.239,237,225

    electionpress report

  332. 13 March 2026

    Sejm elects Marcin Dziurda as Tribunal judge (237–182–6)

    According to OKO.press, the Sejm elected Marcin Dziurda (professor at the University of Warsaw, legal adviser, former President of the General Counsel to the Republic) by 237 votes to 182 with 6 abstentions; the candidacy was put forward by the Sejm Presidium. The election resolution does not specify which vacant seat the person fills.239,237,225

    electionpress report

  333. 13 March 2026

    Sejm elects Anna Korwin-Piotrowska as Tribunal judge (236–185–4)

    According to OKO.press, the Sejm elected Anna Korwin-Piotrowska (judge, President of the Regional Court in Opole, president of the Themis association) by 236 votes to 185 with 4 abstentions; the candidacy was put forward by the Sejm Presidium. The election resolution does not specify which vacant seat the person fills.239,237,225

    electionpress report

  334. 13 March 2026

    Sejm elects Krystian Markiewicz as Tribunal judge (236–187–4)

    According to OKO.press, the Sejm elected Krystian Markiewicz (judge, professor at the University of Silesia, long-time president of Iustitia) by 236 votes to 187 with 4 abstentions; the candidacy was put forward by the Sejm Presidium. The election resolution does not specify which vacant seat the person fills.239,237,225

    electionpress report

  335. 13 March 2026

    Sejm elects Dariusz Szostek as Tribunal judge (237–185–4)

    According to OKO.press, the Sejm elected Dariusz Szostek (professor at the University of Silesia, legal adviser) by 237 votes to 185 with 4 abstentions; the candidacy was put forward by the Sejm Presidium. According to OKO.press he was elected fifth, and PSL and Polska 2050 supported his candidacy. The election resolution does not specify which vacant seat the person fills.239,237,225

    electionpress report

  336. 13 March 2026

    Sejm elects Maciej Taborowski as Tribunal judge (237–185–4)

    According to OKO.press, the Sejm elected Maciej Taborowski (professor at the Institute of Law Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences, advocate, former Deputy Ombudsman) by 237 votes to 185 with 4 abstentions; the candidacy was put forward by the Sejm Presidium. The election resolution does not specify which vacant seat the person fills.239,237,225

    electionpress report

  337. 13 March 2026

    Sejm rejects PiS-nominated candidates Skwarzyński and Kotowski

    According to TVN24 and Ordo Iuris, Michał Skwarzyński (Catholic University of Lublin), nominated by PiS, received 172 votes for, 253 against and 4 abstentions. Artur Kotowski (Cardinal Wyszyński University), also nominated by PiS, was rejected, but the vote count has not been established.237,234,232

    electionpress report

  338. 13 March 2026

    Politicians comment on the election of six Tribunal judges

    According to OKO.press, PiS MP Marcin Warchoł described the election as a “zamach na TK” (an attack on the Tribunal) carried out “wholesale”, while Marshal Czarzasty said an independent Tribunal is independent. Minister Waldemar Żurek said he expected the oath the following week and otherwise announced a “plan B”; retired Tribunal judge Stanisław Biernat considers that the President does not shape the Tribunal's composition.239

    statementpoliticsparticipant's claim

  339. 13 March 2026

    Sejm adopts resolution that the Tribunal has ceased to be impartial (235–197)

    According to portalsamorzadowy.pl and TVN24, the Sejm voted 235 to 197 for a resolution on actions needed for the Tribunal to meet the requirements of an independent and impartial court established by law (M.P. 2026 item 299), tabled by MPs of KO, the Left, PSL-TD, Centrum and Polska 2050. It states that the Tribunal “has ceased to perform its function as an impartial and independent body” and deems it necessary to elect judges to the vacant seats. Some sources date it to 12 March; the date in the M.P. heading has not been checked.240,237,239,241

    resolutionpress report

  340. 13 March 2026

    Marshal shortens the Rules' seven-day period before the vote on judges

    According to Konkret24, the Marshal proposed shortening the seven-day period under Art. 30(4) of the Sejm's Rules (“unless the Sejm decides otherwise”) and, hearing no objection, deemed it adopted; the votes took place shortly after 13:30. Head of the President's Chancellery Zbigniew Bogucki and K. Bosak (Konfederacja) argue that the nomination deadlines and the seven-day period were breached; the Sejm Chancellery maintains this follows the practice of previous terms.236,238

    electionpress report

  341. 16 March 2026

    Head of the President's Chancellery raises procedural doubts about the election

    At a press conference on 16 March Zbigniew Bogucki accused the Sejm of missing the nomination deadline, not observing the seven days and not presenting one candidate to MPs; according to spokesman Rafał Leśkiewicz he announced a letter to the Marshal asking for explanations. Bogucki also said an oath before any other body would have no legal force.236,242

    statementparticipant's claim

  342. 18 March 2026

    Marshal Czarzasty writes to the President to let the six take up office

    According to RMF24, the Sejm Marshal sent the President a letter asking him to take steps without delay enabling the six electees to assume office, and the Sejm's resolutions were delivered to the President. The delivery date is unverified.242

    statementpress report

  343. 26 March 2026

    Four electees write to the President (26 Mar, 1 Apr, 7 Apr) without reply

    According to Prawo.pl, Marcin Dziurda, Anna Korwin-Piotrowska, Krystian Markiewicz and Maciej Taborowski wrote to the President on 26 March, 1 April and 7 April 2026 without reply, and for almost a month no one from the President's Chancellery contacted them.243

    statementoathpress report

  344. 31 March 2026

    President's Chancellery invites only Szostek and Bentkowska to take the oath

    On 31 March 2026 the President's Chancellery invited only Dariusz Szostek and Magdalena Bentkowska, of the six elected on 13 March, to take the oath. No date was set for the other four.244,245

    oath

  345. April 2026

    President applies for resolution of a competence dispute with the Sejm (Kpt 1/26)

    According to GazetaPrawna, at the end of April 2026 the President filed application Kpt 1/26, asking the Tribunal to find that the Sejm has no power to organise acts replacing the personal oath “before the President” and that the acts of 9 April had no legal effect. The exact filing date and the case's status on 31 October 2026 are unverified.246,247

    rulingoathparticipant's claim

  346. April 2026

    Tribunal President assigns cases only to Szostek and Bentkowska; the four get none

    According to Prawo.pl, the Tribunal President assigned offices and cases only to the two sworn in at the Palace and stated, regarding the four, that he cannot establish a service relationship until the President confirms that the Sejm oath was an oath within the meaning of the statute. The Tribunal President's orders on this have not been found.243,246

    leadershipoathpress report

  347. 1 April 2026

    Bogucki: two vacancies arose during Nawrocki's term

    Head of the President's Chancellery Zbigniew Bogucki justifies accepting two oaths on the ground that two seats fell vacant during President Nawrocki's term (Pawłowicz on 5 December, Warciński on 20 December 2025) and 11 judges suffice for a full bench. The situation of the other four “is being analysed”, he says, because of serious procedural failings by the Sejm; an oath elsewhere would in his view be a constitutional tort.248,244,225

    statementoathparticipant's claim

  348. 1 April 2026

    President Nawrocki swears in Szostek and Bentkowska

    At the Presidential Palace President Karol Nawrocki received the oath of Dariusz Szostek and Magdalena Bentkowska — the first swearing-in of new Tribunal judges in more than four years. Bentkowska said the President “cannot censor the Sejm's choice”; both say all six are in an identical position.244,249,248,225

    oath

  349. 3 April 2026

    Sejm Chancellery: all six were validly elected

    In a communiqué the Sejm Chancellery states that the six judges were validly elected and are in an “identical legal situation”, and that the President has no power to assess the election's correctness. It calls the refusal a “usurpation” and the two-vacancies argument extra-legal, citing precedents of several judges elected on one day.238,250,251

    statementparticipant's claim

  350. 3 April 2026

    Ombudsman Marcin Wiącek: all electees should be sworn in

    Ombudsman Marcin Wiącek said on Polsat News that all those elected on 13 March should be sworn in and that, since the statute provides no alternative form, a court would have to decide. On 24 April (WP) he added that the four had been validly elected and pointed to an action before an ordinary or administrative court.252,253

    statementinterpretation

  351. 9 April 2026

    PiS suspends MP K. Szczucki over his view on the oaths

    According to Notes from Poland, PiS suspended MP K. Szczucki for stating that the President must swear in all six or none.254

    politics

  352. 9 April 2026

    Reactions to the Sejm oath: President's Chancellery, government, Tribunal President

    According to Notes from Poland, Head of the President's Chancellery Zbigniew Bogucki called the event a “grotesque farce”, while minister Maciej Berek said the President had “usurped a non-existent power”. Tribunal President Bogdan Święczkowski, who had earlier congratulated all six, spoke of a “media spectacle”.254

    statementparticipant's claim

  353. 9 April 2026

    The six elected on 13 March take the oath in the Sejm's Column Hall

    According to TVN24 and Prawo.pl, in the Sejm's Column Hall the six electees (four for the first time, Szostek and Bentkowska again) took the oath using the formula “before the President of the Republic”, in the absence of the invited President and in the presence of the Marshals of the Sejm and Senate, former Tribunal Presidents Bohdan Zdziennicki, Andrzej Zoll, Marek Safjan and Jerzy Stępień, and a notary. Signed, notarised written oaths and a notarial record were drawn up; the President and the Tribunal President do not recognise the oath's effect.255,256,243,257

    oathpress report

  354. 9 April 2026
    16:30 CET

    Electees file written oaths with the President's Chancellery and go to the Tribunal

    According to TVN24, after the ceremony the electees filed their written oaths at the President's Chancellery registry (with notarised proof of delivery) and then went to the Tribunal, where they spent about 1.5 hours and left around 16:30. The European Commission notes the filing of notarised copies with the Chancellery that day.255,243,228

    oathpress report

  355. 10 April 2026

    The four ask the Tribunal President to admit them to work

    According to Prawo.pl, on 10 April 2026 Dziurda, Korwin-Piotrowska, Markiewicz and Taborowski wrote to President Bogdan Święczkowski asking to be admitted to work without delay, enclosing the notarial certificates.243

    oathleadershippress report

  356. 10 April 2026

    National Council of Notaries: a notarial record does not produce the oath's effects

    The National Council of Notaries stated that a notarial record documents events but does not produce their legal effects (Art. 79 of the Notaries Act), and that courts and authorities assess those effects. It also condemned attacks on notaries.256

    statementfinding of a public body

  357. 13 April 2026

    Marshal announces procedure to elect Andrzej Zielonacki's successor

    According to rp.pl, Marshal Włodzimierz Czarzasty announced that within two weeks he would open a procedure (a “competition”) to elect a judge to Andrzej Zielonacki's seat, whose term ended on 28 June 2026. Whether the competition took place is unverified.258

    electionpress report

  358. 14 April 2026

    Markiewicz resigns his ordinary-court judgeship

    According to Prawo.pl, Krystian Markiewicz resigned his judicial post on 14 April 2026, and Anna Korwin-Piotrowska notified the Ministry of Justice of the conversion of her judicial post. Whether the four receive a salary from the Tribunal is not established.243

    oathpress report

  359. 17 April 2026

    President Nawrocki: I have not refused the oath; it depends on the Tribunal

    According to Prawo.pl, in an interview with Kanał Zero the President said he had never refused to receive the oath of the four and that an oath at the Palace depends on the Tribunal's position expected in May. He called the judges who took the oath in the Sejm “raptusy” (hotheads).243,259

    statementparticipant's claim

  360. 21 April 2026

    National Prosecutor's Office opens investigation into the four judges' exclusion

    According to a National Prosecutor's Office communiqué of 22 April, following an order by Prosecutor General Waldemar Żurek of 13 April, an investigation was opened on 21 April 2026 into aiding the President's alleged failure to perform his duties (Art. 18(3) with Art. 231(1) of the Criminal Code) and into alleged failure of duty by Tribunal officials (Art. 231(1) and Art. 218(1a) with Art. 11(2)); the complaint came from judges Bentkowska and Szostek. According to Prawo.pl, Żurek also ordered proceedings concerning the President's advisers; no court has ruled.260,243,261

    prosecutionofficial statement

  361. 5 May 2026

    ECtHR: interim measure in Dziurda and Others v. Poland

    The ECtHR granted an interim measure requiring the competent authorities to refrain from hindering four persons elected by the Sejm on 13 March 2026 (Markiewicz, Dziurda, Korwin-Piotrowska, Taborowski) from taking up and exercising their duties as Tribunal judges; the Court’s press release was published on 6 May. Prime Minister Tusk said the Court had ruled “unequivocally”, and Minister of Justice Żurek that the measure is immediately enforceable; the Tribunal’s spokesperson W. Ścibor stated that the ECtHR has no competence to rule on Poland’s constitutional system, and the Head of the President’s Chancellery Z. Bogucki said only the Tribunal can assess the dispute.262,228,247,263

    Europerulingcourt finding

  362. 6 May 2026

    Reactions to the ECtHR interim measure in Dziurda and Others

    After the ECtHR applied an interim measure against Poland in the case of the four judges not allowed to adjudicate, Prime Minister Tusk said the state must remove the obstacles and Minister Żurek that the measure is immediately enforceable. Zbigniew Bogucki maintains that only the Tribunal can assess the dispute and that until the President's application is decided “all issues are suspended”; Tribunal spokeswoman W. Ścibor stated that the ECtHR has no competence to rule on Poland's constitutional system.247

    statementparticipant's claim

  363. 12 May 2026

    Tribunal judgment K 3/26 on the President's duty to receive the oath

    On an application by a group of PiS MPs, a five-judge bench (presiding Bogdan Święczkowski, rapporteur Bartłomiej Sochański; dissents by Rafał Wojciechowski and Jarosław Wyrembak) held that Art. 4(1) of the Tribunal Judges' Status Act, understood as obliging the President to receive the oath of a person elected by the Sejm, is unconstitutional. The bench included two persons elected to seats held filled in K 34/15 (Justyn Piskorski, Jarosław Wyrembak), although the six new judges had moved to exclude Święczkowski, Piskorski and Wyrembak. The government does not treat the judgment as binding.264,265,266

    rulingoathcourt finding

  364. 12 May 2026

    Tribunal interim decision halts the Sejm's election of judge-members of the KRS (K 7/26)

    According to the European Commission's 2026 report, in case K 7/26 (application by PiS and the KRS) the Tribunal issued an interim decision ordering the Sejm to refrain, pending judgment, from electing the KRS's judge-members by absolute majority. The Commission notes that the bench included a judge elected in 2017 to an occupied seat, raising an Art. 6 ECHR issue.228

    rulingcourt finding

  365. 12 May 2026

    Reactions to K 3/26: government, Tribunal President and Vice-President

    According to Notes from Poland, Minister Waldemar Żurek called the ruling a “political set-up with the participation of stand-ins” and said “there is no judgment”, while government spokesman A. Szłapka said the Constitution clearly provides that the Sejm elects judges. Vice-President Sochański says the oath requires the President's physical presence; President Święczkowski (Polsat, 12 May) said the President “should” in principle receive oaths but extraordinary situations may arise.266

    statementparticipant's claim

  366. 13 May 2026

    Szostek and Bentkowska decline to sit in case Kpt 1/26

    According to Prawo.pl, Dariusz Szostek and Magdalena Bentkowska declined to sit in case Kpt 1/26, arguing that a bench without the four is defective and that the rapporteur (Justyn Piskorski) was appointed contrary to the order set by Art. 38(1) of the Tribunal Organisation Act. They stated that a Tribunal judge “may adjudicate only in properly constituted benches”.265

    statementrulingparticipant's claim

  367. 11 June 2026

    Sejm elects Sławomir Patyra as Tribunal judge (235–184–5)

    According to Polsat News, the Sejm elected Sławomir Patyra, a constitutional law scholar at Maria Curie-Skłodowska University nominated by MPs of KO, PSL-TD, the Left and Centrum, by 235 votes to 184 with 5 abstentions. The other candidate, Artur Kotowski (nominated by PiS), received 173 for, 245 against and 6 abstentions.263

    electionpress report

  368. 16 June 2026

    Venice Commission opinion on the President’s bill “on restoring the right to a court” unverified

    According to the Commission’s 2026 Report, the Venice Commission issued an opinion on 16 June 2026 on the President’s bill “on restoring the right to a court”; the Venice Commission’s website lists opinion no. 1276/2026 on this bill (visit 14–15 April 2026). The link between the number and the date is not expressly confirmed, and the notes do not summarise the opinion.228,233

    Europefinding of a public body

  369. 28 June 2026

    Andrzej Zielonacki's term ends

    According to rp.pl and Polsat News, Andrzej Zielonacki's term, to which he was elected in June 2017 to succeed Stanisław Biernat, ended on 28 June 2026. His successor, Sławomir Patyra, had been elected but had not yet taken the oath.258,263

    electionpress report

  370. 29 June 2026

    PACE Monitoring Committee asks Venice Commission for opinion on Tribunal judges’ oaths

    The chair of the Monitoring Committee of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Elvira Kovács, requested a Venice Commission opinion, later adopted as CDL-AD(2026)031. The Venice Commission’s Poland page also lists a request for an opinion dated 13 March 2026 without details; its link to this opinion is not confirmed.267,233

    Europe

  371. July 2026

    Patyra writes to the President for an oath date; Marshal calls for action

    According to Polsat News, in early July Sławomir Patyra asked the President to set an oath date and later sent a second letter; roughly a week before 22 July Marshal Czarzasty called on the President to act without delay. The European Commission's report (as of before 28 July) noted that the President had so far not allowed the oath.268,269,228

    oathstatementpress report

  372. 17 July 2026

    2026 Rule of Law Report: “some further progress”, no Tribunal-specific recommendation

    In the Poland chapter (SWD(2026) 921) the Commission finds “some further progress” and recommends continuing the action plan, with no separate Tribunal recommendation. It notes, among other things, judgment C-448/23, the election of seven judges on 13 March and 11 June 2026, the President’s acceptance of the oath from two of the six, the oath of four in the Sejm on 9 April, the ECtHR interim measure of 5 May and continued non-publication of Tribunal judgments. It also points out that interim order K 7/26 of 12 May 2026 was issued by a bench including a judge elected in 2017 to a filled seat, which raises an issue under Article 6 of the Convention.228,270

    Europefinding of a public body

  373. 22 July 2026

    Bogucki announces Patyra's oath for 28 July

    According to Polsat News, Head of the President's Chancellery Zbigniew Bogucki announced on X that the President would receive Sławomir Patyra's oath on 28 July under Art. 4(1) of the Tribunal Judges' Status Act. Bogucki said the only effective oath is one taken before the President.268,271

    oathstatementpress report

  374. 28 July 2026

    President swears in Sławomir Patyra

    According to Prawo.pl, President Nawrocki received the oath of Sławomir Patyra, the seventh of the newly elected judges, at the Presidential Palace.272

    oathpress report

  375. 28 July 2026

    Patyra says he will not adjudicate while the four are excluded

    According to Prawo.pl, after taking the oath Sławomir Patyra stated that he would neither adjudicate nor take part in the Tribunal's organisational matters while the four elected in March remain excluded, and announced a formal declaration declining to adjudicate.272

    statementpress report

  376. 4 September 2026

    Sejm elects Maciej Berek as Tribunal judge (226 votes)

    According to Polsat News, with 437 MPs voting and an absolute majority of 219, Maciej Berek, nominated by a group of KO MPs, received 226 votes and Artur Kotowski (nominated by PiS) 184; Berek is to take Justyn Piskorski's seat. Berek had headed the Government Legislation Centre (2007–2015) and served as a minister in the Council of Ministers (from December 2023, until 14 August 2026 according to en.wikipedia); the numbers against and abstaining are not established.273,274

    electionpress report

  377. 4 September 2026

    President's Chancellery questions Berek's ten-year legal practice

    Zbigniew Bogucki questions the verification of Maciej Berek's ten years of practice as a legal adviser, saying there is no proof he actually practised; spokesman Rafał Leśkiewicz said the Chancellery would accept the oath once documents were submitted. According to Notes from Poland, on 24 September Berek had still not been sworn in and said he had submitted the documents.273,275,276

    statementoathparticipant's claim

  378. 18 September 2026

    Justyn Piskorski's term ends

    According to Polsat News and OKO.press, the term of Justyn Piskorski, elected in 2017 to a seat held filled in K 34/15, ended on 18 September 2026 (the exact day, 18 or 19 September, depends on the 2017 oath date). From then on one person elected to such a seat (Jarosław Wyrembak) remains at the Tribunal.273,239

    electionpress report

  379. 23 September 2026

    Media: prosecutors charge the Tribunal Chancellery director and guard commander

    OKO.press reported that the National Prosecutor's Office charged the director of the Tribunal's Chancellery and the commander of the Tribunal Guard with failure to perform duties in connection with blocking the four judges' work, applying suspension from duties and a ban on entering the Tribunal; Notes from Poland (24 September) gives the qualification as Art. 231(1) and Art. 218(3) of the Criminal Code and says both pleaded not guilty. The Tribunal called the charges an “unlawful” means of pressure; no court has ruled.277,276,278

    prosecutionpress report

  380. 24 September 2026

    Tribunal President opens proceedings against Szostek, Bentkowska and Patyra

    OKO.press and Notes from Poland reported that Tribunal President Bogdan Święczkowski, at the request of one of the existing judges, opened proceedings — described as disciplinary or explanatory — against Dariusz Szostek, Magdalena Bentkowska and Sławomir Patyra over their refusal to adjudicate and attend the General Assembly and their complaint to prosecutors. No legal basis was given; no disciplinary court has ruled.279,276

    disciplinarypress report

  381. 28 September 2026

    Patyra files a criminal complaint against the Tribunal President over bench assignments

    According to OKO.press, Sławomir Patyra notified the National Prosecutor's Office of a possible abuse of powers (Art. 231 of the Criminal Code) by Bogdan Święczkowski in assigning benches in January–September 2026 without following the order set by Art. 38(1) of the Tribunal Organisation Act. A communiqué by Anna Korwin-Piotrowska of 30 October states that prosecutors are conducting preparatory proceedings concerning bench assignments; no court has ruled.280,281,282

    prosecutionpress report

  382. 30 September 2026

    Tribunal President writes to the Marshals: the 2027 draft budget omits the Tribunal's part

    In a communiqué on trybunal.gov.pl, President Bogdan Święczkowski stated that the government's draft 2027 budget act did not include part 06 (Constitutional Tribunal). The date comes from the website's “date added” field, which proved unreliable in another case.283

    budgetofficial statement

  383. October 2026

    Daily gatherings begin outside the Tribunal unverified

    According to ua.news (citing RMF24), for more than ten days before 15 October between a dozen and several hundred people describing themselves as defenders of the institution gathered outside the Tribunal, with PiS politicians present. The exact start date of the protests is unverified.284

    protestpress report

  384. 9 October 2026

    Venice Commission: President should take Tribunal judges’ oaths without delay

    The Venice Commission adopted Opinion CDL-AD(2026)031 (published on 13 October): the President’s role in the oath is ceremonial, he may not review the Sejm’s election, and if he refuses or delays, the oath should be made possible without his physical presence, preserving the prescribed form and delivery. The President’s spokesperson R. Leśkiewicz said the opinion “has no legal force whatsoever”, and the President of the Tribunal Święczkowski said he cannot recognise the four judges. Minister of Justice Żurek said the President has no veto over judges elected by the Sejm.285,275,286,267

    Europefinding of a public body

  385. 13 October 2026

    Polish reactions to the Venice Commission opinion on the oaths

    After the Venice Commission's opinion was published, the President's spokesman Rafał Leśkiewicz said it “has no legal force” and that Maciej Berek cannot become a judge without meeting the formal requirement. Minister Żurek said the President has no veto over judges elected by the Sejm and Marshal Czarzasty that “patience has run out”; President Święczkowski said he cannot recognise the four judges.286,275

    statementparticipant's claim

  386. 14 October 2026

    Tribunal President does not admit Berek, asks the President if he recognises the oath

    According to rp.pl, President Święczkowski spoke with Maciej Berek and did not admit him to adjudication, announcing a letter to the President asking whether he recognises the oath taken in the Sejm.287

    leadershipoathpress report

  387. 14 October 2026

    Protesters try to block judges entering the Tribunal; police intervene

    According to ua.news (citing RMF24) and Brussels Signal, R. Bąkiewicz and the Border Defence Movement tried to block judges from entering the Tribunal and police intervened. Maciej Berek was escorted to the building under police protection amid scuffles with protesters.284,278

    protestpolicepress report

  388. 14 October 2026

    President cancels a trip and visits the Tribunal in the evening

    According to Brussels Signal and ua.news (citing RMF24), President Nawrocki cancelled his attendance at the Arraiolos Group meeting (Brdo pri Kranju, 15–16 October) and in the evening visited the Tribunal, meeting the judges present.278,284

    politicspress report

  389. 14 October 2026

    President, Tribunal President, Prime Minister and Chancellery on Berek's oath

    President Nawrocki said Berek had not taken the oath before him and that taking part in the Sejm ceremony closed the path to an oath at the Palace; President Święczkowski said Berek had not established a service relationship and cannot adjudicate until the President takes a position. Prime Minister Tusk said the judges were elected in accordance with the law and that the government would use “means available to the state” and protect the new judges; Zbigniew Bogucki called the ceremony “grotesque”.278,284,288

    statementparticipant's claim

  390. 14 October 2026
    09:00 CET

    Maciej Berek takes the oath in the Sejm

    At around 9:00 Marshal Czarzasty handed Maciej Berek the election resolution and Berek took the oath with the formula “before the President” in the presence of the Sejm Presidium and Senate Marshal Kidawa-Błońska; according to OKO.press and RMF24 a notary was also present and the certified text was delivered to the President's Chancellery. Berek said taking the oath “is my duty”; the Chancellery describes it as an oath before the Marshals of the Sejm and Senate, and the President does not recognise it.289,284,288,290,287

    oath

  391. 15 October 2026

    Minister Kierwiński: two Tribunal judges under State Protection Service protection

    Interior Minister Marcin Kierwiński said on TOK FM that two Tribunal judges had, at their own request, been given State Protection Service protection because of threats, and that blocking the entrance breaks the law and police would respond. The protected judges were not named.284

    statementpoliceparticipant's claim

  392. 16 October 2026

    Prosecutor Piaseczny comes to the Tribunal with police; President hands over documents

    According to a communiqué by President Święczkowski on trybunal.gov.pl, prosecutor Andrzej Piaseczny came to the Tribunal with police officers and attempted a search; the President decided to hand over documents voluntarily and informed the President of the Republic. Święczkowski describes it as a provocative “intrusion” which in his view meets the elements of Art. 128 of the Criminal Code; according to a TVP Info headline the prosecutor sought to secure CCTV footage and documents. No court has ruled.291,292

    prosecutionpoliceofficial statement

  393. 19 October 2026

    Tribunal President forwards three judges' statement to the disciplinary officer

    According to a communiqué on trybunal.gov.pl, President Święczkowski forwarded a statement by three Tribunal judges to the disciplinary officer and added it to the file of case Kpt 1/26, then pending. The communiqué, as read, does not name the judges.293

    disciplinaryofficial statement

  394. 20 October 2026

    Tribunal President: General Assembly on the 2027 financial plan cannot be convened

    In a communiqué on trybunal.gov.pl, President Święczkowski stated that the General Assembly planned that week on the 2027 financial plan could not be convened because of “the prolonged justified absence of one of the judges”, and that two earlier attempts to vote had been frustrated by “unauthorised persons in the room” and by two judges walking out. The draft plan was sent to the Marshal, deputy marshals and chairs of Sejm committees.294

    budgetleadershipofficial statement

  395. 22 October 2026

    Tribunal President asks the Police Commander-in-Chief for grounds of ID checks

    According to a communiqué on trybunal.gov.pl, President Święczkowski asked the Police Commander-in-Chief for the legal basis and reasons for attempts to check the identity of Tribunal judges and staff near the building.295

    policestatementofficial statement

  396. 23 October 2026

    Five judges: the Kpt 1/26 competence dispute “does not exist”

    According to TVN24, Maciej Berek, Marcin Dziurda, Anna Korwin-Piotrowska, Krystian Markiewicz and Maciej Taborowski stated that the competence dispute “does not exist” because the President has no competence regarding the oath, and that in any case it cannot be decided without at least 11 judges.296

    statementparticipant's claim

  397. 26 October 2026

    President's Chancellery to the Tribunal: Berek has no service relationship

    According to rp.pl (citing Tribunal spokeswoman W. Ścibor), on Monday, most likely 26 October, a letter from Head of the President's Chancellery Zbigniew Bogucki reached the Tribunal stating that Maciej Berek has not established a service relationship. The Chancellery maintains that an oath “before the President” means in his physical presence and that an oath before the Marshals of the Sejm and Senate is not such an oath.287

    oathstatementpress report

  398. 30 October 2026

    Police: we are not inside the building; three people detained

    After 20:00 police said on X that they were not inside the building, had been called by an “authorised person”, and were limiting their action to the outer grounds and Szucha Avenue; three people who climbed the fence were detained and objects were thrown at officers. According to WP, proceedings under Art. 193 of the Criminal Code (trespass) concern those detained, and police deny any clashes with the Tribunal Guard.297,298,299,300

    policeofficial statement

  399. 30 October 2026

    Korwin-Piotrowska and Prosecutor General Żurek write to the Police Commander-in-Chief

    According to police statements reported by RMF24 and rp.pl, before 17:00 Anna Korwin-Piotrowska notified the Police Commander-in-Chief of a possible threat to the life or health of the Tribunal's judges and staff and to public order, asking for measures to keep order. The same day a letter from Prosecutor General Waldemar Żurek reached Police HQ asking for “particular attention” to the Tribunal's security in view of the protests.297,301,281

    policeofficial statement

  400. 30 October 2026

    Sochański outside the Tribunal's locked gate

    Before 20:00 Bartłomiej Sochański, standing outside a gate locked from the inside, told Rzeczpospolita that “a coup d'état is under way” and that he learned of the change of leadership by phone from Korwin-Piotrowska and of the break from journalists. He cites his nine-year term as judge and six-year term as Vice-President and says he knows of no provision allowing such a suspension; he also spoke of police with shields, helmets and masks on the grounds.297

    statementleadershipparticipant's claim

  401. 30 October 2026

    Święczkowski: “we will come back with the President”

    According to a TVN24 photo caption, before 22:00 Bogdan Święczkowski said: “We will not fight the police here; we will come back with the President.”302

    statementparticipant's claim

  402. 30 October 2026

    Korwin-Piotrowska's side publishes a statement justifying the break

    In an “Information on the order imposing a break” on trybunal.gov.pl, Anna Korwin-Piotrowska's side argues that Art. 130 of the Law on the System of Common Courts applies to Tribunal judges via cross-references in the Status Act and the Supreme Court Act, that a break for a president must be ordered by someone else, and that every bench assigned since 9 April 2026 is defective. The page shows a “date added” of 21 October, while the file metadata indicate 29 October; metadata depend on the computer's clock and do not prove when a text was drafted.282,303

    statementleadershipofficial statement

  403. 30 October 2026

    Further positions on 30 October: President's Chancellery and Iustitia

    According to Interia, Zbigniew Bogucki said the President “is the guarantor of the continuity of state authority and ensures observance of the Constitution”, and Adam Andruszkiewicz that the President would not allow the rule of law to be destroyed through the use of force. Iustitia president Bartłomiej Przymusiński told RMF24: “The sooner the better. The state must act.”304,299

    statementparticipant's claim

  404. 30 October 2026

    Korwin-Piotrowska communiqué: an MP's mandate confers no rights at the Tribunal

    In a communiqué of 30 October signed as “standing in for the President of the Tribunal”, Anna Korwin-Piotrowska states that no provision of the Act on the exercise of the mandate of MPs and senators (Arts. 16, 19, 20) gives parliamentarians a right to act on the Tribunal's premises, citing Art. 173 and Art. 10(1) of the Constitution. The PDF file was created on 30 October at 22:46.305,306

    statementofficial statement

  405. 30 October 2026

    Patyra, Taborowski, Bentkowska and Berek confirm Korwin-Piotrowska's leadership

    In a statement to Rzeczpospolita, Sławomir Patyra said the dignity of the court required the immediate stepping aside of the President and Vice-President and that leadership had passed to the person designated by Art. 12(4) read with Art. 11(2) of the Tribunal Organisation Act. Maciej Taborowski, Magdalena Bentkowska and Maciej Berek confirmed to PAP that Korwin-Piotrowska directs the Tribunal; rp.pl considers Marcin Dziurda's remark ambiguous.297,307,308

    statementleadershipparticipant's claim

  406. 30 October 2026

    Order No. 1/2026: General Assembly on 3 November solely on the Tribunal's 2027 budget

    Order No. 1/2026 of 30 October, signed by Anna Korwin-Piotrowska as “Tribunal judge standing in for the President” (basis: Art. 11(2) read with Art. 12(4), Art. 7(2) and (4) and Art. 6(2)(9) of the Tribunal Organisation Act), convenes the General Assembly for 3 November 2026 with a single item: the Tribunal's draft income and expenditure for 2027. The file was created on 31 October at 00:01; the document gives no time for the sitting, and the five immunity requests are not on the agenda.309,310

    leadershipbudget

  407. 30 October 2026

    Korwin-Piotrowska's order imposing a break in Sochański's duties

    A second order of 30 October, with the same basis and structure, imposes a one-month break in Bartłomiej Sochański's duties, “including as Vice-President”. Its reasoning accuses him of failing to react to the President's conduct despite a written authorisation, “yielding to political pressure” and widening the scope of the application in K 3/26 as rapporteur; the document states that Sochański was appointed Vice-President on 21 February 2025. Sochański does not recognise the order; no court has ruled on its effect.311

    leadershipdisciplinary

  408. 30 October 2026

    Korwin-Piotrowska's order imposing a break in Święczkowski's duties

    A scan published on trybunal.gov.pl of an order dated 30 October (unnumbered), signed by Anna Korwin-Piotrowska as the longest-serving judge standing in for the President (Art. 12(4) read with Art. 11(2) of the Tribunal Organisation Act), imposes under Art. 130(1) of the Law on the System of Common Courts read with Art. 10(1) of the Supreme Court Act and Art. 19 of the Tribunal Judges' Status Act an immediate one-month break in Bogdan Święczkowski's duties, “including as President”, and announces notice to “the competent disciplinary court” within three working days. Its reasoning cites, among other things, failure to convene the General Assembly on the 2027 budget, non-admission of five judges and non-compliance with the ECtHR interim measure, and bench assignments out of turn, describing the situation as a “state of higher constitutional necessity”. Święczkowski does not recognise the order; no court has ruled on its effect.312,313

    leadershipdisciplinary

  409. 30 October 2026

    Ombudsman Gregorczyk-Abram: “higher constitutional necessity” is an extra-legal view

    According to rp.pl (published 30 October, 21:00), Ombudsman Sylwia Gregorczyk-Abram — in office since late July 2026 — said that “a state of higher constitutional necessity” is “an extra-legal view”, as no such legal concept exists, while saying she understands the circumstances that prompted the actions (including non-compliance with the ECtHR measure and non-admission of judges). The outlet and time of the statement are not established; no communiqué was found on the Ombudsman's website.314,315,316

    statementparticipant's claim

  410. 30 October 2026

    Spokeswoman for Święczkowski's side: seven judges entered with SOP officers

    According to Interia, Tribunal spokeswoman W. Ścibor (for Święczkowski's side) says the seven judges entered the building with State Protection Service officers through the gate connecting the Tribunal with the Prime Minister's Chancellery, and that Tribunal guards were told to pack up and leave the building. The seven have not all been identified.317

    statementpoliceparticipant's claim

  411. 30 October 2026

    US Ambassador calls for calm around the Tribunal

    On Friday night US Ambassador Thomas Rose wrote on X of an “unprecedented confrontation” over the use of state power and the independence of a constitutional institution, urging the government, services and demonstrators to calm down and avoid provoking violence. According to Polsat News he said the US does not judge Poland's internal affairs; reports differ on the exact wording.318,319

    statementparticipant's claim

  412. 30 October 2026

    Tribunal website: the @nowyTK_GOV_P account is not a source of Tribunal information

    A communiqué of 30 October on trybunal.gov.pl states that the X account “@nowyTK_GOV_P” “does not constitute information on the Tribunal's activity” and that the only source is communiqués on the website. Who runs that account, and how it relates to the account that posted about a “coup d'état” at 18:25, is not established.320

    statementpublicationofficial statement

  413. 30 October 2026
    14:50 CET

    President's plane departs for Senegal

    According to Interia, at around 14:50 the plane carrying President Karol Nawrocki took off for Senegal.304

    politicspress report

  414. 30 October 2026
    17:35 CET

    Police on the Tribunal's outer grounds

    Between about 17:00 and 18:00 officers of the Warsaw Metropolitan Police appeared on the Tribunal's outer grounds; at 17:35 Police HQ and the Warsaw police confirmed on social media that they were “performing statutory tasks” at the Tribunal's premises with respect for its independence. As the basis, police cited the judge's information about possible threats; they did not name a specific provision.281,301,297

    policeofficial statement

  415. 30 October 2026
    18:00 CET

    Media: Tribunal website posts notice of break for President and Vice-President

    Rp.pl, TVN24 and Polsat News reported that at around 18:00 the Tribunal's website posted information about an order by Anna Korwin-Piotrowska imposing a one-month break in the duties of Bogdan Święczkowski and Bartłomiej Sochański. According to the media the website soon stopped working; overnight into 31 October it was accessible again and published Korwin-Piotrowska's acts.297,302,281

    publicationleadershippress report

  416. 30 October 2026
    18:12 CET

    President breaks off his flight to Senegal and returns

    According to TVN24 and Interia, after 18:00 the President's plane turned back over Spain; at around 18:12 Karol Nawrocki wrote: “At such a moment the President must be in Poland. I am breaking off the flight to Senegal. I am coming back.”302,304

    politicsstatementpress report

  417. 30 October 2026
    18:18 CET

    Police spokesman: officers in front of and behind the fence, not in the building

    Police HQ spokesman Andrzej Fijołek told TVN24 that police were in front of and behind the fence but had not entered the Tribunal building.297

    policestatementparticipant's claim

  418. 30 October 2026
    18:25 CET

    Tribunal X account: Korwin-Piotrowska “is not a Tribunal judge”

    A post on the Tribunal's X profile (unsigned; Polityka attributes it to Święczkowski) referred to an “unlawful takeover of the website”, stated that Święczkowski remains President and Sochański Vice-President, that “Anna Korwin-Piotrowska is not a Tribunal judge”, and that those involved “are committing the crime of a coup d'état”. WP, citing an anonymous source at the Tribunal, reported that the website went down because of traffic, not a takeover.307,321,322,323

    statementleadershipparticipant's claim

  419. 30 October 2026
    18:42 CET

    Prosecutor General Żurek sends the Tribunal five immunity requests

    At around 18:42 Prosecutor General Waldemar Żurek wrote on X that he had sent the Tribunal, addressed to Anna Korwin-Piotrowska, five requests: four for consent to prosecute Bogdan Święczkowski and one concerning Bartłomiej Sochański's immunity (224 pages, 50 volumes of files). Legal qualifications and case numbers were not disclosed; the requests are not on the agenda of the General Assembly called for 3 November, and no body or court has considered them.324,297,322,310

    prosecutionparticipant's claim

  420. 30 October 2026
    19:00 CET

    Demonstration outside the Tribunal with PiS politicians

    According to Polityka and RMF24, at around 19:00 about 100 demonstrators (mainly Gazeta Polska Clubs) gathered outside the Tribunal, with Jarosław Kaczyński, Julia Przyłębska and Morawiecki present; Braun arrived later and Mentzen announced he would come. Kaczyński said: “From today Poland is becoming a police state.”323,299

    protestpoliticspress report

  421. 30 October 2026
    19:00 CET

    Prosecutor General Żurek's press conference

    According to Dziennik.pl, Waldemar Żurek said “there is never a good moment”, that Święczkowski had “made the Tribunal a private fiefdom”, and that the Tribunal has no budget for next year. He also said the state must protect the judges because they cannot defend themselves.325

    statementprosecutionparticipant's claim

  422. 30 October 2026
    19:55 CET

    Prime Minister Tusk: “There is no other way”

    According to RMF24, at around 19:55 Prime Minister Tusk wrote on X: “There is no other way.”299

    statementparticipant's claim

  423. 30 October 2026
    20:20 CET

    Święczkowski outside the Tribunal talks to police

    According to rp.pl (citing Onet), at around 20:20 Bogdan Święczkowski was outside the Tribunal talking to police and did not enter the grounds. He said Korwin-Piotrowska “is usurping” leadership of the Tribunal and that he would demand entry.297

    statementleadershipparticipant's claim

  424. 30 October 2026
    20:49 CET

    Korwin-Piotrowska: “we have a state of higher constitutional necessity”

    Asked by RMF24 how to persuade the other side that the actions were lawful, Anna Korwin-Piotrowska replied: “we have a state of higher constitutional necessity”. Speaking to Interia she cited Art. 12(4) of the Tribunal Organisation Act as the longest-serving judge and said seven judges were in the building and no police were inside.326,298

    statementleadershipparticipant's claim

  425. 30 October 2026
    21:00 CET

    Gate chain cut; Święczkowski enters the Tribunal grounds

    According to rp.pl and RMF24, at around 21:00 the chain securing the gate was cut with a circular saw; RMF24 reported that the attempt was made by a demonstrator presenting himself as a locksmith, “on his instruction”, i.e. Święczkowski's. Bogdan Święczkowski (“Does anyone have a crowbar?”) entered the grounds (not the building) and stood before the police cordon holding his ID, while police set up barriers as a second line; he announced that on Saturday “all lawfully elected judges” would come.297,299

    protestpoliceleadershippress report

  426. 30 October 2026
    21:47 CET

    Ambassador Jakub Kumoch announces his resignation

    According to Interia and Super Express, at around 21:47 Poland's ambassador to China, Jakub Kumoch, announced his resignation in connection with the events around the Tribunal. A formal recall is unverified.327,328

    politicspress report

  427. 30 October 2026
    22:00 CET

    President lands; Palace meeting with Supreme Court First President and Święczkowski

    According to TVN24 and Polityka, at around 22:00 Karol Nawrocki landed in Warsaw and met First President of the Supreme Court Zbigniew Kapiński at the Presidential Palace; Bogdan Święczkowski joined them (both were at the Palace at 22:13). According to the sources found, the President issued no decision on the Tribunal's leadership in October.302,323

    politicsleadershippress report

  428. 30 October 2026
    22:39 CET

    Supreme Court First President Kapiński: “utmost indignation and firm opposition”

    At 22:39 Zbigniew Kapiński expressed “utmost indignation and firm opposition” to the government's actions. In a statement on the Supreme Court website (according to wnp.pl) he said the limits of power are set by the Constitution and statutes, not by ad hoc political decisions or shows of force; Notes from Poland attributes to him a description of the events as “undoubtedly a coup d'etat”.302,329,330

    statementparticipant's claim

  429. 30 October 2026
    22:56 CET

    Korwin-Piotrowska invites “only the President, alone” into the Tribunal

    At 22:56 Anna Korwin-Piotrowska invited “only the President, alone” into the Tribunal, without Święczkowski, if the security services considered it safe; earlier (according to PAP) she had refused entry to anyone and proposed a meeting at the Palace. On TVN24, speaking from the Tribunal's main hall, she said “order and calm prevail in the Tribunal” and that the judges would stay as long as the situation required.331,308,323,332

    statementparticipant's claim

  430. 30 October 2026
    23:52 CET

    Police HQ: the 2–8 November readiness letter does not concern the Tribunal

    According to TVN24, at 23:52 Police HQ denied that a deputy commander's letter on full readiness for 2–8 November concerns the Tribunal; according to Police HQ it relates to sabotage threats.333

    policestatementofficial statement

  431. 31 October 2026

    Conflicting accounts of the scuffle as the President entered the Tribunal

    Presidential spokesman Rafał Leśkiewicz says people in the doorway tried to block the entry and violated the President's bodily inviolability (later, that Berek had “documented” a crime); minister Marcin Przydacz says Markiewicz and Korwin-Piotrowska tried to “jostle” the President; adviser B. Poboży says the judges committed an offence. Maciej Berek says the President “physically attacked” judges, including Korwin-Piotrowska, and published a recording; the head of the Prime Minister's Chancellery (unnamed in Polsat's report) says the President struck judges with his elbows. There is no independent finding on what happened; no complaint or proceedings have been found.331,334,335,333,327

    statementparticipant's claim

  432. 31 October 2026

    Prime Minister Tusk: “Restoring the rule of law is our duty”

    According to RMF24, Prime Minister Tusk wrote on X (time not established): “Restoring the rule of law is our duty.”331

    statementparticipant's claim

  433. 31 October 2026
    00:36 CET

    President and Supreme Court First President go to the Tribunal and enter the building

    According to Polsat News, at 00:36 the President's motorcade left the Palace for Szucha Avenue (with Zbigniew Kapiński in the car); about 50 m before the gate Karol Nawrocki got out and walked, arriving at 00:42, and at 00:49 Paweł Szefernaker wrote that the President had entered the Tribunal building. Recordings show the President squeezing between people in the doorway.335,328,336,331,337

    politicsleadershippress report

  434. 31 October 2026
    01:09 CET

    Ambassador Paweł Soloch announces his resignation

    According to RMF24, at 01:09 Poland's ambassador to Romania, Paweł Soloch, announced his resignation, saying an attempt to take over the Tribunal “contrary to law” made it impossible for him to serve. A formal recall is unverified.338,327

    politicspress report

  435. 31 October 2026
    01:21 CET

    Berek: people presenting themselves as Chancellery staff tried to take keys

    According to TVN24 and WP, Maciej Berek wrote on X that people presenting themselves as “employees of the President's Chancellery” tried to take the keys to Tribunal rooms, attaching recordings of a man talking to Korwin-Piotrowska. Whether they acted with the Chancellery's authority is unknown; no Chancellery response was found.339,333

    statementparticipant's claim

  436. 31 October 2026
    01:32 CET

    Overnight reactions: Konfederacja, PiS, Iustitia

    According to WP and TVN24, Konfederacja posted “Hands off the President!” (01:32), J. Sasin (PiS) said those who “raised a hand” against the President would answer for it (01:49), and R. Fogiel (PiS) thanked Berek “for documenting” it (02:07). Iustitia president Bartłomiej Przymusiński said politicians entering the Tribunal “shows the stakes of this case”.327,340

    statementpoliticsparticipant's claim

  437. 31 October 2026
    01:39 CET

    Recording inside the Tribunal: the President tells judges “you are not judges”

    A recording published at 01:39, described consistently by PAP, RMF24, TVN24 and naTemat, shows the President with State Protection Service officers and Zbigniew Bogucki in a Tribunal corridor; Korwin-Piotrowska says “We are judges of the Constitutional Tribunal”, and Nawrocki tells her, Krystian Markiewicz and Maciej Berek: “You are not judges of the Constitutional Tribunal and you are taking over this building illegally.” Bogucki tells Korwin-Piotrowska “You are committing a coup d'état” and, pointing to Sławomir Patyra, says he sees only one judge; Korwin-Piotrowska replies that she directs the Tribunal. The recording indicates the President was inside the building by 01:39 at the latest.341,342,340,343

    statementleadership

  438. 31 October 2026
    02:21 CET

    Chancellery photo shows President, Kapiński, Bogucki, Grodecki, Sochański inside

    A photo published by Rafał Leśkiewicz (WP 02:21, TVN24 02:39) shows Karol Nawrocki, Zbigniew Kapiński, Zbigniew Bogucki, National Security Bureau head Bartosz Grodecki and Tribunal Vice-President Bartłomiej Sochański inside the Tribunal. Spokeswoman W. Ścibor says Sochański is in his office and regards the break orders as “non-existent documents”; both sides of the dispute are thus in the building.338,333,344,345

    leadership

  439. 31 October 2026
    02:37 CET

    Prosecutor General Żurek: prosecutor Andrzej Piaseczny is at the Tribunal

    According to WP and TVN24, Waldemar Żurek said prosecutor Andrzej Piaseczny was on site, “called because the law is being broken”, to carry out steps with the police, and that the situation calmed after his arrival; he added: “Everyone who breaks the law will stand before a court.” No prosecution unit, case number or subject of the steps was given; no court has ruled.346,333

    prosecutionstatementparticipant's claim

  440. 31 October 2026
    03:20 CET

    President steps outside the Tribunal “for a moment”

    TVN24 reported at 03:20 that President Karol Nawrocki had stepped outside the Tribunal “for a moment”; the entry does not say whether he spoke, went back in or left. By about 04:20 no report was found that the President had left the Tribunal grounds.333

    politicspress report

  441. 31 October 2026
    03:41 CET

    Szefernaker: Tusk is “bringing thousands of police officers to Warsaw”

    According to WP (03:41) and TVN24 (03:56), Paweł Szefernaker of the President's office wrote on X that before All Saints' Day “one man is bringing thousands of police officers to Warsaw” so that Tusk can grab more power, and that the Prime Minister should bear political and legal responsibility. No communiqué confirms the number of officers; media describe Szefernaker's position inconsistently.327,333

    statementpoliceparticipant's claim

Notes

  1. [press] POLITYKA2016. polityka.pl (accessed 31.10.2026)
  2. [Constitutional Tribunal] TK-1985-97. trybunal.gov.pl (accessed 31.10.2026)
  3. [press] ZALASIŃSKI. inpris.pl (accessed 31.10.2026)
  4. [legislation] U1985. api.sejm.gov.pl (accessed 31.10.2026)
  5. [legislation] U1985-META. api.sejm.gov.pl (accessed 31.10.2026)
  6. [press] RADZIEWICZ. inpris.pl (accessed 31.10.2026)
  7. [legislation] TJ1991. api.sejm.gov.pl (accessed 31.10.2026)
  8. [Constitutional Tribunal] TK-SPOCZ. trybunal.gov.pl (accessed 31.10.2026)
  9. [legislation] Mała Konstytucja — ustawa konstytucyjna z 17 października 1992 r. — Ustawa Konstytucyjna z dnia 17 października 1992 r. o wzajemnych stosunkach między władzą ustawodawczą i wykonawczą Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej oraz o samorządzie terytorialnym, Dz.U. 1992 nr 84 poz. 426 (oznaczenie niezweryfikowane; identyfikator ISAP WDU19920840426). (accessed 31.10.2026)
  10. [press] TP2016. tygodnikpowszechny.pl (accessed 31.10.2026)
  11. [legislation] U1997. api.sejm.gov.pl (accessed 31.10.2026)
  12. [legislation] Ustawa z 15 maja 1993 r. o zmianie m.in. ustawy o Trybunale Konstytucyjnym (ELI DU/1993/213) — Ustawa z dnia 15 maja 1993 r. o zmianie ustaw: Prawo o ustroju sądów powszechnych, o prokuraturze, o Sądzie Najwyższym, o Trybunale Konstytucyjnym, o Krajowej Radzie Sądownictwa i o powołaniu sądów apelacyjnych (Dz.U. 1993, poz. 213; ELI DU/1993/213), tekst przez API ELI Sejmu. api.sejm.gov.pl (accessed 31.10.2026)
  13. [legislation] W1993. eli.gov.pl (accessed 31.10.2026)
  14. [Constitutional Tribunal] TK-INF1997. trybunal.gov.pl (accessed 31.10.2026)
  15. [legislation] Konstytucja, Dz.U. 1997 nr 78 poz. 483 (ELI). eli.gov.pl (accessed 31.10.2026)
  16. [press] Leiden – Poland 1997 Constitution. partylaw.leidenuniv.nl (accessed 31.10.2026)
  17. [legislation] tekst pierwotny. api.sejm.gov.pl (accessed 31.10.2026)
  18. [legislation] ELI DU/1997/643 (metadane). api.sejm.gov.pl (accessed 31.10.2026)
  19. [legislation] M.P. 1997 poz. 789. api.sejm.gov.pl (accessed 31.10.2026)
  20. [legislation] api term3 – wyszukiwarka głosowań. api.sejm.gov.pl (accessed 31.10.2026)
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