The Tribunal Explained · Poland's Constitutional Tribunal 1982–2026
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Who recognises whom: institutions and contested claims

Status as of: 31 October 2026, 13:00 CETLast updated: 31.10.2026

Who recognises the contested persons and claims, and who does not? Each cell says what the institution did or said, when, and on what basis. Court rulings are findings within each court’s jurisdiction; political positions are the parties’ claims. “No position” means the available sources record none.

What “recognises” means in each column
  • Persons who in 2026 took the oath only in the Sejm (Dziurda, Korwin-Piotrowska, Markiewicz, Taborowski – 9 Apr; Berek – 14 Oct): “recognises” = treats these persons as Tribunal judges, accepts their oath as effective, or requires that they be allowed to take up duties (for courts the text names the type of decision, e.g. an interim measure); “does_not” = denies their status or the effect of their oath.
  • Persons elected in December 2015 and in 2017 and 2018 to seats to which the Sejm had elected judges in October 2015 on a legal basis the Tribunal upheld in K 34/15 (Muszyński, Cioch, Morawski; after them Piskorski and Wyrembak): “recognises” = treats these persons as Tribunal judges or sits with them on benches; “does_not” = considers their election flawed or benches including them not to be a tribunal established by law. As of 31 Oct 2026 only Jarosław Wyrembak from this group is in office (term to 30 Jan 2027); later electees to these seats are not covered here.
  • Leadership of the Tribunal since 30 Oct 2026: the position of Bogdan Święczkowski (its President since 9 Dec 2024) that he still leads it, or the position of Anna Korwin-Piotrowska that she directs its work as the judge substituting for the President: “recognises” always comes with the side field: “swieczkowski” = treats Bogdan Święczkowski as still leading the Tribunal and rejects the orders of 30 Oct 2026; “korwin_piotrowska” = supports Anna Korwin-Piotrowska’s position that she directs the Tribunal’s work or treats the ordered break in duties as effective. “unclear” (side: null) = ambiguous position. The value “does_not” is not used in this column.
  • Validity and binding force of Tribunal rulings of 2024–2026: “recognises” = treats Tribunal rulings of 2024–2026 as valid and binding (e.g. expects their publication or implementation, adjudicates in them); “does_not” = treats them as not binding or refuses to publish them; “unclear” = partial or conflicting position, or one covering only part of the period.
InstitutionPersons who in 2026 took the oath only in the Sejm (Dziurda, Korwin-Piotrowska, Markiewicz, Taborowski – 9 Apr; Berek – 14 Oct)Persons elected in December 2015 and in 2017 and 2018 to seats to which the Sejm had elected judges in October 2015 on a legal basis the Tribunal upheld in K 34/15 (Muszyński, Cioch, Morawski; after them Piskorski and Wyrembak)Leadership of the Tribunal since 30 Oct 2026: the position of Bogdan Święczkowski (its President since 9 Dec 2024) that he still leads it, or the position of Anna Korwin-Piotrowska that she directs its work as the judge substituting for the PresidentValidity and binding force of Tribunal rulings of 2024–2026
President of the Republic (Karol Nawrocki) and his Chancellery does not recogniseIn Kpt 1/26 President Nawrocki maintains the 9 April oaths had no effect; on 31 Oct he told Korwin-Piotrowska, Berek and others: “You are not judges of the Constitutional Tribunal”. (31 Oct 2026)1,2,3,4 recognisesHead of the President’s Chancellery Zbigniew Bogucki (1 Apr 2026) counted nine sitting judges – nine persons were in office that day, including Piskorski and Wyrembak (editors’ tally) – and eleven with the two new oaths. (1 Apr 2026)5,6 recognises → B. ŚwięczkowskiPresident’s statement (31 Oct): a “forcible takeover” of the Tribunal; he let the “legally serving vice-president” Sochański in and does not recognise actions of those claiming authority there. (31 Oct 2026)7,8,9,10 recognisesAccording to Notes from Poland (1 Apr 2026), the President expects Tribunal judgments to be published; he brought Kpt 1/26 to the Tribunal; Bogucki (6 May): only the Tribunal can assess the dispute. (6 May 2026)6,11,1
Bogdan Święczkowski, President of the Tribunal (appointed December 2024) does not recogniseŚwięczkowski has not let the four sworn only in the Sejm (9 April), or Berek, adjudicate; on 14 Oct he said Berek had no service relationship pending the President’s view. (14 Oct 2026)12,13,14,15,16 recognisesHe presided over benches including Justyn Piskorski and Jarosław Wyrembak: Kp 3/24 (29 Jul 2025) and K 3/26 (12 May 2026). (12 May 2026)17,18 recognises → B. ŚwięczkowskiOn 31 Oct he said he does not recognise Korwin-Piotrowska as directing the Tribunal; per TV Republika, his order states that her document “has no legal effect”. (31 Oct 2026)7,19,20,21 recognisesPer the Commission’s 2025 report he sought proceedings against judges refusing to apply Tribunal judgments; on 12 May 2026 he cited over 70 judgments the government had not implemented. (12 May 2026)22,23
Anna Korwin-Piotrowska (elected 13 Mar 2026, oath in the Sejm 9 Apr 2026) recognisesOn 31 Oct, in a Tribunal corridor, she said in the President’s presence: “We are judges of the Constitutional Tribunal”; her 30 Oct order objects that five persons, Berek included, are not allowed to adjudicate. (31 Oct 2026)2,4,24 unclearWith five others elected on 13 March she sought to exclude Piskorski and Wyrembak (and Święczkowski) from K 3/26; co-applicants Szostek and Bentkowska called Piskorski and Wyrembak „dublerzy” (“stand-ins”); sources record no position of her own on their status. (12 May 2026)18,25 recognises → A. Korwin-PiotrowskaIn her orders (30–31 Oct) she maintains that, as the judge with the longest service, she directs the Tribunal’s work (Art. 12(4) with Art. 11(2), Organisation Act). (31 Oct 2026)24,26,27,28 unclearInformation from Korwin-Piotrowska’s side on the 30 Oct orders: every bench designated since 9 April 2026 is defective; sources record no statement by her on 2024–2025 rulings. (30 Oct 2026)29,30,31
Dariusz Szostek, Magdalena Bentkowska and Sławomir Patyra (elected in 2026, sworn in before the President) recognisesAccording to Prawo.pl, a statement by eight judges of about 19 Oct treats the oath in the Sejm, with the written oath delivered to the President, as valid; Szostek, Bentkowska and Patyra refuse to adjudicate until the others elected in 2026 are admitted. (19 Oct 2026)32,25,33,34 does not recogniseSzostek and Bentkowska (13 May 2026): Piskorski and Wyrembak are „dublerzy” (“stand-ins”; they cite Xero Flor and C-448/23), so they will not sit on the Kpt 1/26 bench; sources record no position of Patyra on this. (13 May 2026)25 recognises → A. Korwin-PiotrowskaPatyra (30 Oct, to Rzeczpospolita): the dignity of the court requires removing the President and Vice-President, and Korwin-Piotrowska has taken over; Bentkowska confirmed to PAP that Korwin-Piotrowska leads the Tribunal; sources record no position of Szostek. (30 Oct 2026)35,36 no positionSources available as of 31 Oct 2026 record no position. unverified25
Sejm (resolutions), its Marshal and Chancellery recognisesSejm Chancellery (3 Apr 2026): all six were validly elected, in an “identical legal situation”; Marshal Czarzasty opened the 9 April oath ceremony and gave Berek his resolution (14 Oct). (14 Oct 2026)37,38,39 does not recogniseSejm resolution of 6 Mar 2024 (M.P. 2024 item 198): Muszyński, Piskorski and Wyrembak are not Tribunal judges; the resolutions electing them (and Cioch, Morawski) lack legal force. (6 Mar 2024)40 no positionSources available as of 31 Oct 2026 record no position. unverified7,41 does not recognise6 Mar 2024 resolution: violations prevent the Tribunal performing its tasks; bodies applying defective rulings may breach the Constitution (Art. 7); per the Commission’s 2025 report, the Sejm and the government stopped taking part in Tribunal cases. (6 Mar 2024)40,22
Government / Prosecutor General (Justice Minister Waldemar Żurek) recognisesPM Tusk (14 Oct): the judges were elected in accordance with the law; Żurek: the President has “no right of veto”; prosecutors charged Tribunal officials with failing to perform duties towards the four (in OKO.press’s words, blocking their work); no court has ruled. (14 Oct 2026)15,16,42,43 does not recogniseCouncil of Ministers resolution no. 162 (18 Dec 2024) relies on the Sejm resolution of 6 March 2024; the government does not recognise judgment K 3/26, given with Piskorski and Wyrembak on the bench (Waldemar Żurek: “a political set-up involving stand-ins”). (13 May 2026)44,23 recognises → A. Korwin-PiotrowskaProsecutor General Żurek addressed his 30 Oct motions to Korwin-Piotrowska and finds the judges’ decisions convincing (31 Oct); Prime Minister Tusk wrote “There is no other way” (30 Oct) without saying who leads the Tribunal. (31 Oct 2026)45,46,47,48 does not recogniseCouncil of Ministers resolution no. 162 (18 Dec 2024): publishing documents of an “unauthorised body” is inadmissible; Tribunal judgments are not published in the Journal of Laws (Commission report 2026). (18 Dec 2024)44,49
Constitutional Tribunal (rulings; their force disputed by the Sejm and the government) unclearK 3/26 (12 May 2026; five-judge bench including Piskorski and Wyrembak; not recognised by the government): Art. 4(1) of the Status Act, read as obliging the President to receive the oath, is unconstitutional; according to reports of the reasoning, “before the President” means in his physical presence. The Tribunal has not ruled on the effect of the 9 April oaths (Kpt 1/26 pending). (12 May 2026)18,23,50 recognisesU 5/24 (28 May 2024, unanimous): the Sejm resolution of 6 Mar 2024, which declares Piskorski and Wyrembak among others not to be Tribunal judges, is unconstitutional (judgment unpublished); in K 6/21 (2021) the Tribunal held Art. 6(1) of the Convention unconstitutional insofar as it lets the ECtHR assess the election of Tribunal judges. (28 May 2024)51,52,53,54 no positionSources available as of 31 Oct 2026 record no Tribunal ruling on this. unverified7,41 recognisesU 5/24: the Sejm resolution of 6 Mar 2024 is incompatible with, among others, Art. 190(1) of the Constitution (Tribunal rulings are universally binding); the Tribunal maintains that non-publication does not release anyone from applying its judgments. (28 May 2024)51,52
First President of the Supreme Court (Zbigniew Kapiński) no positionSources available as of 31 Oct 2026 record no position. unverified55,56 no positionSources available as of 31 Oct 2026 record no position. unverified55 recognises → B. ŚwięczkowskiZbigniew Kapiński (30 Oct): “utmost indignation and firm objection” to actions he attributes to the government; per the President’s statement he does not recognise actions of those claiming authority in the Tribunal. (31 Oct 2026)56,55,9 no positionSources available as of 31 Oct 2026 record no position. unverified55
Supreme Administrative Court (case law) and its President no positionSources available as of 31 Oct 2026 record no position. unverified57 does not recogniseThe NSA (III OSK 2528/21, 16 Nov 2022) found the Tribunal “infected with lawlessness” by the participation of Muszyński, Piskorski and Wyrembak, noting consistency with Xero Flor. (16 Nov 2022)58 unclearNSA President J. Chlebny (31 Oct) refers to Święczkowski and Sochański as the Tribunal’s President and Vice-President, criticises their exclusion and the police presence, does not address the 30 Oct orders directly, and urges compromise. (31 Oct 2026)57,59,60 unclearIn 2022 the NSA found the Tribunal had lost the capacity to adjudicate properly; its President (31 Oct 2026) calls for trust-building steps, citing, inter alia, non-publication of Tribunal rulings. (31 Oct 2026)58,57,60
Ordinary courts (not a single body) no positionSources available as of 31 Oct 2026 record no position. In April 2026 the Ombudsman pointed to a court route; no such proceedings are recorded. unverified61 no positionSources available as of 31 Oct 2026 record no position. unverified22 no positionSources available as of 31 Oct 2026 record no position. No court has ruled on the effect of the orders of 30–31 Oct. unverified7,41 unclearOrdinary courts are not a single body. The Commission’s 2025 report notes the Tribunal President sought proceedings against judges refusing to apply Tribunal judgments; which courts – no data. (8 Jul 2025)22
European Court of Human Rights recognisesInterim measure (5 May 2026, Dziurda and Others, no. 17392/26): the authorities should refrain from hindering the four applicants from taking up and exercising their duties; not a judgment; Berek not covered; its jurisdiction is disputed by the Tribunal’s spokesperson and the President’s Chancellery. (5 May 2026)62,49,11 does not recogniseM.L. (2023): K 1/20, decided by a bench including Muszyński, Piskorski and Wyrembak, failed rule-of-law requirements; Xero Flor (2021): a bench with Muszyński was not a “tribunal established by law”. (14 Dec 2023)63,64 no positionSources available as of 31 Oct 2026 record no position. unverified65 no positionSources available as of 31 Oct 2026 record no position. unverified62
Court of Justice of the EU no positionSources available as of 31 Oct 2026 record no position. unverified66 does not recogniseC-448/23 (18 Dec 2025): electing three persons in December 2015 to seats already filled in October 2015 and irregularities in how the candidate for President of the Tribunal was put forward in December 2016 mean the Tribunal is not an independent tribunal established by law; sources are silent on the 2017–2018 electees. (18 Dec 2025)66,67 no positionSources available as of 31 Oct 2026 record no position. unverified65 unclearC-448/23 held the Tribunal is not an independent tribunal established by law; the case concerned 2021 rulings, and sources say nothing of effects on 2024–2026 rulings. (18 Dec 2025)66,67
European Commission no positionSources available as of 31 Oct 2026 record no position. The Commission’s 17 Jul 2026 report describes the 9 April oaths and the ECtHR measure without assessing their effect. unverified49 does not recognise2026 Commission report: the K 7/26 decision came from a bench including a person elected in 2017 to a filled seat, an Art. 6 ECHR issue; the Commission brought C-448/23. (17 Jul 2026)49,66 no positionSources available as of 31 Oct 2026 record no position. unverified65,68 unclear2026 Commission report: Tribunal judgments are not published in the Journal of Laws; the K 7/26 bench raises an Art. 6 ECHR issue; sources report no general assessment. (17 Jul 2026)49
Venice Commission (Council of Europe) unclearOpinion CDL-AD(2026)031 (as reported): the President’s role is ceremonial; he should receive the oath without delay and may not review the election; if he refuses or delays, the oath should be possible without his physical presence. According to OKO.press the judges may then start adjudicating; other reports attribute to it no view on the 9 April and 14 October oaths. (9 Oct 2026)69,13,42,70 does not recogniseOpinion CDL-AD(2024)035, according to Deputy Minister D. Mazur: the terms of persons elected to occupied seats should be ended by statute, while properly elected judges serve out their terms. (6 Dec 2024)71,22 no positionSources available as of 31 Oct 2026 record no position. unverified65,68 unclearOpinion CDL-AD(2024)035, according to Deputy Minister D. Mazur: Tribunal judgments should be published, possibly annotated as to a defective bench or lack of binding force; it predates most 2024–2026 rulings. (6 Dec 2024)71

As of 31 October 2026, 13:00 CET. Colours are only an aid: every value has an icon and a text label.

Sources (71)
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  17. [Constitutional Tribunal] Trybunał Konstytucyjny (trybunal.gov.pl), “Two Bills adopted by the Parliament with regard to the Constitutional Tribunal Kp 3/24”, 1 Aug 2025. trybunal.gov.pl (accessed 31.10.2026)
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  21. [press] WP, “Relacja na żywo z wydarzeń wokół Trybunału Konstytucyjnego (wpis z 12:58)”, 31 Oct 2026, 12:58. wiadomosci.wp.pl (accessed 31.10.2026)
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